An Introduction to the Philosophical Foundations Influencing the Shift of Jurisprudence of Zakāt from an Individual to a Governmental Approach

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• MohammadReza Kaykha ¹
• Alireza Abin ²

¹ Associate professor, department of Jurisprudence and Foundations of Islamic Law, Faculty of Theology, Law, and Islamic Studies, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

² Assistant professor, department of Jurisprudence and Foundations of Islamic Law, Faculty of Theology, Law, and Islamic Studies, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

10.22067/jfiqh.2023.83103.1600

Abstract

Zakāt holds a special status among the various acts of worship due to its combination of the divine right (ḥaqq Allāh) and the human right (ḥaqq al-nās), as well as the blending of both individual and public aspects, which have granted it a distinguished status. Historically, the approach to the jurisprudence of Zakāt has been mainly individualistic. However, after the Islamic Revolution, the ineffectiveness of this approach became apparent and scholars made some efforts to present the jurisprudence of Zakāt as a governmental matter. However, there has been little research on the philosophical and systematic shift from an individualistic to a governmental approach in the jurisprudence of Zakāt. The present study, conducted through a descriptive-analytical approach, demonstrates that Zakāt is an essentially governmental institution, but its contextual conditions had transformed it into a private one. Therefore, drawing on the philosophical foundations of the jurisprudence of Zakāt, the governmental approach can be reasserted. Then, the idea of centralized collection and balanced distribution of Zakāt and its practical implementation can be proposed to integrate the philosophical approach.

Keywords

• Zakāt
• individualistic jurisprudence
• governmental jurisprudence
• methodology
• centralized collection of Zakāt
• balanceed distribution of Zakāt
• philosophy of jurisprudence

Main Subjects

• Philosophy of jurisprudence

---

©2025 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

References

Qurān-i Karīm.

Ābīn, ʻAlī Riżā. Darāmadī  bar Ravishshināsī va Andīshihshināsī Ḥuqūqī Ustād Duktur Jaʻfarī  Langirūdī) Ḥuqūq  Qanāʻat Miḥvar; Naẓarīyah-yi Umūmī Iṭmīnān).  Tehran: Dād va Dānish. 2023/1401.

Abū al-Ṣalāḥ Ḥalabī. Taqī ibn Najm. al-Kāfī fī al-Fiqh. Isfahān: Maktaba Imām Amīr al-Muʾminīn. 1984/1362.

ʿAlī  Akbarīyān, Ḥasan ʿAlī. Darāmadī  bar Falsafah Aḥkām: Kārkird-hā va Rāh-hā-yi Shinākht. Qum: Pazhūhishgāh-i ʿUlūm va Farhang-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 2017/1395.

ʿAlīdūst, Abū al-Qāsim. Fiqh va Maṣliḥat. Qum: Pazhūhishgāh Farhang va Andīshih-yi  Islāmī. 2012/1390.

ʿAlīdūst, Abū al-Qāsim. Muqaddamah-yi ʻIlmī bar Kitāb Maqṣad-hā-yi Sharīʿat. ʿAlwānī, Ṭāhā Jābir. Translated by Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim Ḥusaynī. Tehran: Pazhūhishgāh Farhang va Andīshih-yi  Islāmī. 2010/1388.

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf.  Talkhīṣ al-Marām fī Maʿrifa al-Aḥkām. Qum: Maktab al-Aʿlām al-Islāmī. 2000/1421.

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Irshād al-Adhhān ilā Aḥkām al-Īmān. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1990/1410.

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Muntahā al-Maṭlab fī Taḥqīq al-Madhhab. Mashhad: Majmaʻ Buḥūth al-Islāmīyya. 1994/1414.

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Tadhkara al-Fuqahāʾ. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). 1994/1414.

Alvīrī, Muḥsin. Tārīkh-i Ijtimāʿī Shīʿayān. Tehran, Qum: Samt, Pazhūhishgāh Ḥawzah va Dānishgāh. 2020/1398.

ʿAlwānī, Ṭāhā Jābir. Maqṣad-hā-yi Sharīʿat. Translated by Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim Ḥusaynī. Tehran: Pazhūhishgāh Farhang va Andīshih-yi  Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 2010/1388.

Anṣārī, Murtaḍā ibn Muḥammad Amīn. Ṣirāṭ al-Najāt. Qum: Bāqirī. 1994/1372.

Aʿrāfī, ʻAlī Riżā, Darāmadī  bar Ijtihād Tamadunsāz. Nigārish va researched by ʿAlī Bakhshī. Qum: Ishrāq va ʿIrfān. 2017/1395.

Baḥrānī, Yūsuf ibn Aḥmad. al-Ḥadāʾiq al-Nāḍira fī Aḥkām al-ʿItra al-Ṭāḥira. Qum:  Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1988/1408.

Falāḥatī, Ḥāmid. Rahyāftī Nū bi Maqāṣid Sharīʻat dar Istinbāṭ Fiqhī. Khurāsān: Ḥawzah-yi ʻIlmīyah. Chāp-i Awwal, 2023/1401.

Fāżil Lankarānī, Muḥammad Javād, Muḥammad Qāsimī. “Tafsīrī Nū az Naẓarīyah-yi “al-Islām Huwa al-Ḥukūmah” va Mustanadāt ān”, Dū Faṣlnāmah-yi Muṭāliʻāt Fiqh Sīyāsat. Yr. 2, no. 3, 2023/1401, 7-25.

Fāżil Lankarānī, Muḥammad. Tafṣīl al-Sharīʻa fī Sharḥ Taḥrīr al-Wasīla (al-Waqf, al-Waṣīya, al-Imān wa al-Nudhūr, al-Kafārāt, al-Ṣayd). Qum: Markaz-i Fiqh  al-Aʾimah al-Aṭhār(AS). 2003/1424.

Gulpāygānī, Muḥammad Riḍā. Hidāya al-ʻAbād.  Qum: Dār al-Qurān-i Karīm. 1993/1413.

Gurūh Tārīkh Pazhūhishgāh Ḥawzah va Dānishgāh. Tārīkh Tashayuʿ. Qum Pazhūhishgāh Ḥawzah va Dānishgāh va Markaz-i Mudīrīyat-i Ḥawzah-yi ʻIlmīyah Khāharān. Chāp-i  Chāhārum. 2012/1390.

Ḥakīm, Muḥsin. Mustamsak al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqā. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī. s.d.

Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Maḥmūd. Buḥūth fī al-Fiqh: al-Zakāt. Qum: Mūʾassisa Dāyra al-Maʿārif al-Fiqh al-Islāmī. 2011/1432.

Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Maḥmūd. Darsnāmah-yi Fiqh: Matn Baḥs-hā-yi Khārij Fiqh (Zakāt). Qum: Bunyād Fiqh va Maʿārif Ahl-i Bayt(AS).  2013/1434.

Ḥurr ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Wasāʾil al-Shīʻa ilā  Taḥṣīl Masāʾil al-Sharīʻa. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS), 1990/1410.

Ḥusaynī ʻĀmulī, Muḥammad Javād ibn Muḥammad. Miftāḥ al-Karāmah fī Sharḥ Qawāʿid al-ʿAllāma. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1998/1419.

Ḥusaynī, Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim. Maqṣad-hā-yi Sharīʿat. Tehran: Pazhūhishgāh Farhang va Andīshih-yi  Islāmī. 2010/1388.

Ḥusaynī, Sayyid Ḥydar. Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻa  wa Dawrahā fī ʻAmalīyah al-Istinbāṭ ʻinda al-Farīqīn. Qum: Jāmiʻa al-Muṣṭafā al-ʿĀlamīya, Chāp-i Duwwum, 2017/1438.

Ḥusaynī, Sayyid Riżā. Ulgū-hā-yi Taʾmīn Ijtimāʿī az Dīdgāh Islām va Gharb. Qum: Pazhūhishgāh Ḥawzah va Dānishgāh. 2015/1394.

Ibn  Ḥamzih, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. al-Wasīlah ilā Niyl al-Faḍīlah. Qum: Maktaba Āyat Allāh Marʿashī  Najafī. 1988/1408.

Ibn ʻĀshūr, Muḥammad Ṭāḥir. Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻa al-Islāmīyya. Urdun: Dār al-Nafāʾis. 2000/1421.

Ibn Barrāj, ʿAbd ʿAzīz ibn Niḥrīr. al-Muhadhdhab. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1986/1406.

Ibn Fahd Ḥillī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. al-Muhadhdhab al-Bāriʻ fī Sharḥ al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʿ. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1987/1407.

Ibn Idrīs, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. al-Sarāʾir al-Ḥāwī li-Taḥrīr al-Fatāwī. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1996/1417.

Ibn Qaṭān Ḥillī. Muḥammad ibn Shujāʻ. Maʿālim al-Dīn fī Fiqh Āl Yāsīn. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Imām Ṣādiq. 2003/1424.

Ibn Taymīyya Ḥarānī, Aḥmad. Majmūʻ al-Fatāwī. Madīnah Munawarah: Majmaʿ al-Malik Fahad, 1995/1416.

Ibn Zuhrah, Ḥamza ibn ʿAlī. Ghunya al-Nuzūʿ ilā ʻIlmī al-Uṣūl wa al-Furūʿ. Beirut: Dār al-Islāmīya. 1989/1410.

Īmān, Muḥammad Taqī. Falsafah Ravish Taḥqīq dar ʻUlūm-i Insānī. Qum: Pazhūhishgāh Ḥawzah va Dānishgāh. Chāp-i Chāhārum, 2018/1396.

Jābirī, Biyrām ʻAlī. Barrisī Taṭbīqī  Ijmālī Niẓām Mālī Islām va Sarmāyahdārī. Master Thesis Iqtiṣād, Supervisor: Murtaḍā Qarahbāghān. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Āmūzish va Pazhūhīsh Imām Khumaynī. 1997/1375.

Jaʻfarī  Langirūdī, Muḥammad Jaʻfar. Durus Ḥuqūq Sīyāsī: Ḥuqūq Taṭbīqī- Tārīkh Ḥuqūq Sīyāsī. Tehran: Ganj-i Dānish. 2020/1398.

Jaʻfarī  Langirūdī, Muḥammad Jaʻfar. Ḥuqūq Mālīyih: bi Inżimam Ḥuqūq-i  Idārī. Tehran: Ganj-i Dānish. 2022/1400.

Jaʻfarī  Langirūdī, Muḥammad Jaʻfar. ʻIlm Mawḍūʻshināsī: Fiqh al-Mawḍūʻāt. Tehran: Ganj-i Dānish. 2019/1397.

Jān Aḥmadī, Fāṭimah. Tārīkh  Farhang va Tamadūn Islāmī. Qum: Maʿārif. Chāp-i Panjāh va Yik. 2020/1398.

Javādī Āmūlī, ʿAbd Allāh. Mafātīḥ al-Ḥayāt. Qum: Asrāʾ. Chāp-i Chihil va Shishum. 2012/1391.

Javān Ārāstih, Ḥusayn.  Ḥuqūq-i Bashar dar Islām. Qum: Pazhūhishgāh Ḥawzah va Dānishgāh. 2019/1397.

Jawād ʿAlī. al-Mufaṣṣal fī Tārīkh al-ʻArab  Qabla al-Islām. Beirut: Dār al-Sāqī. Chāp-i Chāhārum, 2001/1422.

Kaʻbī Nasab, ʻAbbās va et al. “Qānūn Pishnahādī Zakāt bar Asās Fiqh Ḥukumatī va Mālīyih-yi ʿUmūmī Islām”, Majallih-yi Maʿrifat Iqtiṣād Islāmī. yr. 9, no. 2, 2019/1397, 5-26.

Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ, Jaʻfar ibn Khaḍir. Kashf al-Ghiṭāʾ ʿan Mubhamāt al-Sharīʻa al-Gharrāʾ. Qum: Maktab al-Aʿlām al-Islāmī. 2001/1422.

Kāshiyān, ʻAbd al-Muḥammad,  Aḥmad Shaʻbānī. “Irāʾih-yi Ulgūy Yikpārchihsāzī Niẓām Manābiʻ Mālī Islāmī va Mālīyāt-hā-yi Mutaʻārif dar Irān (Jamʻ Āvarī va Maṣraf Manṭaqih-ī da Mātrīs Si Buʻdī Valiyy Faqīh, Manṭaqih va Vaẓāyif)”, Taḥqīqāt-i Bunyādīn ʿUlūm Insānī. yr. 4, no. 1, 2019/1397, 7-36.

Khiyrī, Ḥasan. Mabānī Niẓām Ijtimāʻī dar Islām. Qum: Pazhūhishgāh-i ʿUlūm va Farhang-i Islāmī. 2015/1393.

Khiżrī, Sayyid Aḥmad Riżā. Tashayuʿ dar Tārīkh.  Qum: Daftar-i Nashr Maʿārif. Chāp-i Chāhārum, 2015/1393.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. al-Mustanad fī Sharḥ al-ʿUrwa: Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-Khūʾī. Qum: Mūʾassisa Iḥyāʾ Āsār al-Imām al-Khūʾī, 2007/1428.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Mustanad al-ʿUrwa  al-Wuthqā: al-Zakāt. Bi Qlam Murtaḍā Burūjirdī. Qum: Ṭabʿ al-ʻIlmīyya. 1993/1413.

Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. Kitāb-i al-Bayʿ. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Tanẓīm va Nashr-i Āsār-i  Imām, 2000/1421.

Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. Ṣaḥīfah-yi Imām. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Tanẓīm va Nashr-i Āsār-i  Imām Khumaynī. 2000/1378.

Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. Walāyat Faqīh: Ḥukumat Islāmī. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Tanẓīm va Nashr-i Āsār-i  Imām Khumaynī. 2014/1392.

Kulīnī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. al-Kāfī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya. 1989/1367.

Mīlānī, Sayyid Hādī. Muḥāḍarāt fī al-Fiqh al-Imāmīyah: Kitāb al-Zakāt. Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 2012/1390.

Mīrzā-yi Qumī, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Muḥammad Ḥasan. Manāhij al-Aḥkām fī Masāʾil al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām: al-Ṣalāt. Qum:  Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1999/1420.

Miṣbāḥī Muqadam, Ghulām Riżā. “Jāygāh-i Zakāt az Dīdgāh Fiqh Ḥukumatī”, Dū Faṣlnāmih-yi Justār-hā-yi Iqtiṣādī Irān. Yr. 15, no. 30, 2019/1397, 119-135.

Mūʾassisa Dāyra al-Maʿārif Fiqh Islāmī. Mausūʿat al-Fiqh al-Islāmī Ṭibqa li-Mazhab-i Ahl-i Bayt. researched by Mūʾassisa Dāyra al-Maʿārif al-Fiqh al-Islāmī. Qum: Mūʾassisa Dāyra al-Maʿārif al-Fiqh al-Islāmī. 2022/1443.

Muʾminī, Muḥammad, Nāṣir Marīvānī, Muḥammad ʿĀdil Żiyāʾī. “Aḥkām Taʿabudī va Miʿyār-hā-yi Shinākht ān dar Fiqh Mazāhib Islāmī”, Muṭāliʻāt Taṭbīqī Fiqh va Uṣūl Mazāhib. Yr. 5, no. 2, 2023/1401, 220-237.

Muntaẓirī. Ḥusayn ʿAlī. Walāya al-Faqīh wa Fiqh al-Dawla al-Islāmīyya. Qum: Dār al-Fikr. 1991/1411.

Muqaddas Ardabīlī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. Majmaʻ al-Fāʾida wa al-Burhān fī Sharḥ Irshād al-Adhhān. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1985/1405.

Naṣīrī, Muḥammad. Tārīkh Taḥlīlī Ṣadr Islām. Qum: Daftar-i Nashr Maʿārif. Chāp-i  Sī va Shishum, 2016/1394.

Naṣr Iṣfahānī, ʿAlī, Ḥusayn ʻAzīzī. Sīyrī  dar Tārīkh Tamadun Islām va Irān. Tehran, Qum: Samt, Pazhūhishgāh Ḥawzah va Dānishgāh. Chāp-i Duwwum 2020/1399.

Niʿmatī, Mysam. “Uṣūl Ḥākim bar Zakāt dar Mālīyih-yi ʿUmūmī Islām”, Andīshih-hā-yi Ḥuqūq ʿUmūmī. Yr. 6, no. 1, 2017/1395, 93-110.

Nūḥī, Ḥamīd Riḍā. Qawāʿid Fiqhī dar Āsār-i Imām Khumaynī. Tehran: Urūj. 2007/1386.

Nūr Mufīdī, Sayyid Mujtabā. Qāʿidih-yi Taqīyah. Tanẓīm va Tadvīn  Ḥujat Manganihchī. Qum: Būstān-i Kitāb. 2022/1400.

Rabānī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. Uṣūl Sābit Sīrah-yi Maʿṣūmīn (AS). Tehran: Shirkat Chāp va Nashr Biyn al-Milal. 2012/1390.

Rāsikh, Muḥammad. Ḥaq va Maṣliḥat: Maqālātī dar Falsafah-yi Ḥuqūq, Falsafah-yi Ḥaq va Falsafah-yi Arzish. Tehran: Niy. Chāp-i Sivum, 2015/1393.

Rūḥānī, Muḥammad. al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā: al-Zakāt. Bi Qalam Sayyid ʿAbd al-Ṣāḥib Ḥakīm. Tehran: Mūʾassisa al-Jīl li-l-Taḥqīqāt al-Thaqāfiya. 1997/1418.

Sabziwārī, ʻAbd al-Aʿlā. Muhadhdhab al-Aḥkām fī Bayān al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qum: al-Minār. 1997.1417.

Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir. Iqtiṣādanā. Translated by Sayyid Muḥammad Mahdī Burhānī. Qum: Pazhūhishgāh ʻIlmī Takhaṣuṣī Shahīd Ṣadr. 2015/1393.

Ṣafāyī, Sayyid Ḥusayn, ʻAlī Riżā Ābīn.  Ḥuqūq Madanī: Masʾūlīyat-i Madanī Maḥjūrīn. Tehran: Shirkat Sahāmī Intishār. 2023/1401.

Ṣāḥib Jawāhir. Muḥammad Ḥasan ibn Bāqir. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾal-Tūrāth, s.d.

Shāh Waliyy Dahlawī, Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm. Ḥujja Allāh al-Bāligha. researched by  va Taʿlīq Saʿīd Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf al-Bālanbūrī. Dimashq: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2012/1433.

Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. al-Durūs al-Sharʿīyah fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyah. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1994/1414.

Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī. Ḥāshīya al-Irshād. Qum: Maktab al-Aʿlām al-Islāmī. 1994/1414.

Sīstānī, Sayyid ʿAlī. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. Qum: Maktab al-Sayyid Sīstānī.  1994/1414.

Tavasūlī, Muḥammad  Ismāʻīl. Imkānsanjī Ijrāy Zakāt dar Irān. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Farhangī Intishārātī Sitād Iqāmah-yi Namāz. Chāp-i Duwwum, 2010/1388.

Vāsiʿī, Sayyid  ʻAlī Riżā.  Falsafah-yi Tamadun  Islāmī: Chīstī va Mabānī va Marāḥil. Qum: Pazhūhishgāh-i ʿUlūm va Farhang-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 2022/1400.

Wāʿiẓī, Aḥmad. “Rūykark-hā-yi  Fiqhī: Fiqh  Fardī, Fiqh Niẓām-hā-yi Ijtimāʿī”, Fiqh Ḥukumatī. Qum: University of Bāqir al-ʻUlum. 2020/1398.

Zāriʿī Sabzawārī, ʻAbbās ʿAlī. al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhīyah fī Fiqh al-Imāmīya. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 2020/1441.

Żiyāʾīfar, Saʿīd. Falsafah-yi ʻIlm-i Fiqh. Tehran: Samt. Pazhūhishgāh Ḥawzah va Dānishgāh, 1972/1392.

Żiyāʾīfar, Saʿīd. Maktab Fiqhī Imām Khumaynī. Tehran: ʿ Urūj. 2012/1390.