Analyzing the Impact of Father-Son Relationship on Crimes Against Property and the Issuance of Discretionary Judgment (Ḥukm-i Taʿzīrī)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Mohammad Reza Rezvan Talab ¹
• Davood Darreh shiri ²

¹ Late Associate Professor, Department of Fiqh and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

² PhD Candidate of Fiqh and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

10.22067/jfiqh.2022.75614.1317

Abstract

According to the Shīʿa jurisconsults, the execution of punishment (ḥadd) cannot be applied if the thief is the father or paternal grandfather of the victim. The question is whether in this case it is neither possible to implement the discretionary punishment (Taʿzīrī) as well as the punishment of ḥadd. Adopting the descriptive-analytical method, the current study attempts to demonstrate that issuing discretionary judgment is not possible, and that such an offender cannot be labeled as a thief. Moreover, according to the evidence and documentations, this ruling applies not only to theft, but also to other crimes against property. Given the current legislative status, it is possible to employ this theory in the implementation of law as well.

Keywords

• discretionary (Taʿzīrī ) theft
• crimes against property
• the punishment of ḥadd for the thief
• Theft of father from son

Main Subjects

• Jurisprudence and criminal law

---

References

Aḥmadī Mīyānjī, ʻAlī. Mālikīyat-i Khuṣūṣī dar Islām. Tehran:  Dādgustar. 2004/1424.

Aḥmadvand, Khalīl Allāh. “Barrisī Abʿād-i Fiqhī va Ḥuqūqī Ḥadith Anta wa Māluka li-Abīk; Vlāyat-i Pidar bar Farzand”, Dū Faṣlnāmih-yi Taḥqīqāt-i Ḥuqūq-i Qaḍāyī. Durih-yi 1, no. 2, autumn and winter 2020/1399, 153-170.

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Tabṣira al-Mutaʿallimīn fī Aḥkām al-Dīn. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Chāp va Nashr. 1991/1411.

ʿAūdah, ʻAbd al-Qādir. Al-Tashrīʿ  al-Jināʾī  al-Islāmī  Muqāranan bi-al-Qānūn Waḍʿī. Beirut: Dār al-Kātib al-ʻArabī. s.d.

Fāżil Lankarānī, Muḥammad. Tafṣīl al-Sharīʻa fī Sharḥ Taḥrīr al-Wasīla; al-Ḥudūd. Qum: Markaz-i Fiqhī  Aʾimah Aṭhār(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 2002/1422.

Ghulāmī, ʿAlī. “Sāzu Kār-hā-yi Ijrāy Qāʿidih-yi al-Taʿzīr li-Kul-i ʿAmal Muḥaram”, Majalih-yi Fiqh va Ḥuqūq Islāmī. yr. 2, no. 4, spring and summer  2012/1391, 27-48.

Ḥusaynīkhāh, Sayyid Javād. Qāʿidih-yi  Farāq va Tajāvuz. Qum: Markaz-i Fiqhī  Aʾimah Aṭhār(AS). 2009/1388.

Ibn ʻAbd Allāh ,  ʻAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad.  al-Mughnī. Cairo: Maktaba al-Qāhirah. 1986/1406.

Ibn Barrāj, ʿAbd ʿAzīz ibn Niḥrīr. al-Muhadhdhab. Qum: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī.  1986/1406.

Ibn Zuhrah, Ḥamza ibn ʿAlī. Ghunya al-Nuzūʿ ilā ʻIlmī al-Uṣūl wa Furūʿ. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Imām Ṣādiq (AS(. 1997/1417.

Imāmī, Sayyid Ḥasan. Ḥuqūq-i Madanī. Tehran: Islāmī. s.d.

Isḥāqī, Muḥammad, “Barrisī Mujāzāt Sirqat Mādar az Amvāl-i Farzand”, Nashrīyh-yi Fiqh va Mabānī Ḥuqūq Islāmī. Durih-yi 46, no. 2, autumn and winter 2013/1392, 161-181.

Jāvar, Ḥusayn; ʿAlī Murād Ḥiydarī; Muḥaddithih Uṣūlī Yāmchī. “Barrisī Fiqhī Band-i 6 Mādih-yi 268 Qānūn-i Mujāzāt-i Islāmī”, Majalih-yi Pazhūhish-hā-yi Fiqhī. Durih-yi Yāzdahum, no. 4, winter 2015/1394, 737-762.

Kadkhudāyī, ʻAbbās. “Barrisī Fiqhī va Ḥuqūqī Qāʿidih-yi al-Taʿzīr fī Kul-i Maʿṣīya”, Majalih-yi Fiqh Āl al-Bayt(AS). no. 54, 91-142.

Khudābakhshī, ʿAbd Allāh. Tamāyuz-i Bunyādīn-i Ḥuqūq-i Madanī va Ḥuqūq-I Kiyfarī.  Tehran: Shahr Dānish. Chāp-i Duvvūm, 2013/1392.

Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. Kitāb-i al-Bayʿ. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān. s.d.

Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. Qum: Istiftāʾāt. Qum: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Panjum, 2002/1422.

Kulīnī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. al-Kāfī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i  Chāhārum, 1987/1407.

Mahdīpūr, Ḥamīd. “Guzārish-i Nishast-i Qażāyī Ustān”, Nashrīyh-yi Qiżāwat. No. 36, Bahman va Isfand 2005/1384.

Majmūʻah-ī az Muʾalifān. al-Mausūʿa al-Fiqhīya al-Kuwaitīya. Kuwait: Dār al-Salāsil. Chāp-i Duwwum,   1984/1404-2006/1427.

Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. al-Fatāwā al-Jadīda. Qum: Madrisah-yi Imām ʿAlī ibn Abī  Ṭālib (AS). Chāp-i Duwwum, 2006/1427.

Mīr Muḥammad Ṣādiqī, Ḥusayn. Jarāym ʻAlayh-i Amvāl va Mālikīyat. S.l. Bunyād-i Ḥuqūqī Mīzān. Chāp-i Chihil va Duwwum, 2014/1393.

Muḥammadīrī Shahrī, Muḥammad. Mīzān al-Ḥikma. Qum: Dār al-Ḥadīth. Chāp-i Haftum, 2007/1386.

Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī. Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. Nukat al-Nihāya. Qum: Daftar Intishārāt-i Islāmī. 1992/1412.

Mulā Khusrū, Muḥammad ibn Farāmarz. Durar al-Ḥukām fī Sharḥ Ghurar al-Aḥkām. s.l.  Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʻArabīyya. s.d.

Muntaẓirī, Ḥusayn ʿAlī. Niẓām al-Ḥukm fī al-Islām. Qum: Sarāyī. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1997/1417.

Muqaddas Ardabīlī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. Majmaʻ al-Fāʾida wa al-Burhān fī Sharḥ Irshād al-Adhhān. Qum: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī. 1983/1403.

Mūsawī Ardabīlī, ʿAbd  Karīm. Fiqh al-Ḥudūd wa al-Taʿzīrāt. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr li-Jāmiʿah al-Mufīd. 2006/1427.

Muṭaharī, Murtaḍā. Niẓām Ḥuqūq Zan dar Islām. Tehran: Ṣadrā. Chāp-i Panjāh va Nuhum, 2011/1390.

Najafī Marʻashī,  Shahāb al-Dīn. al-Sariqa ʻalā Ḍawʾ al-Qurān wa al-Sunna. Qum: Kitābkhānah wa Chāpkhānah-yi Āyat Allāh Marʻashī Najafī. 2004/1424.

Qudratī, Fāṭimah; Mujtabā ʿAẓīmpanāh. “Taʾamul Fiqhī dar Ḥukm-i Sirqat  Mādar az Amvāl Farzand”, Majalih-yi Fiqh va Ḥuqūq. no. 66, spring and summer 2017/1396, 119-145.

Qumī, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. Jāmiʿ al-Khilāf wa al-Wifāq Bayna al-Imāmīyya wa Bayna A’imma al-Ḥijāz wa al-ʿIrāq. s.l. Zamīnihsāzān-i Ẓuhūr Imām ʿAṣr(AS). 2001/1421.

Qurān-i Karīm

Rāfiʻī Qazwīnī, ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn Muḥammad. al-ʿAzīz  Sharḥ al-Wajīz al-Maʻrūf bi al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyya. 1997/1417.

Sābiq, Sayyid. Fiqh al-Sunna. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʻArabī. Chāp-i Sivum, 1977/1397.

Ṣāḥib Jawāhir. Muḥammad Ḥasan ibn Bāqir. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāyʿ al-Islām.  Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī. Chāp-i Chihil va Duwwum, 1984/1404.

Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī. al-Rawḍa al-Bahīya fī Sharḥ al-Lumʿa al-Dimashqīya, Muḥashshī: Kalāntar. Qum: Kitābfurūshī, Dāwarī, 1990/1410.

Shanqīṭī Jakanī, Sālim Muḥammad Maḥmūd Aḥmad. Sharḥ Zād al-Mustaqniʿ. s.l. s.n. s.d.

Tabrīzī, Javād. Asās al-Ḥudūd wa al-Taʿzīrāt. Qum: Daftar-i Muʾalif. 1997/1417.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Khilāf fī al-Aḥkām. Qum: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1987/1407.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīya. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-Murtażawīya li-Iḥyāʾ al-Āsār al-Jaʻfarīya. Chāp-i Sivum, 1968/1387.

Yazdī, Muḥammad. Qānūn-i Asāsī Barāy Hamih. Tehran: Amīr  Kabīr. Chāp-i Awwal, 1996/1375.