Fiqh and Usul

Fiqh and Usul

An Analysis of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Criminal Policy in the Criminalization of Muḥāraba (Terrifying Conflict): Foundational and Operational Challenges

Document Type : Original Article

Author
Mostafa Nasiri
Assistant Professor, Department of Fiqh and Law, Shahid Motahari Seminary and University, Tehran, Iran
10.22067/jfiqh.2024.86395.1729
Abstract
Despite the considerable advances made in the 1292 A.S. / 2013 A.D. Islamic Penal Code compared to earlier legislation, the legislator’s approach to criminalizing offenses against ḥadd-level security still face foundational and operational challenges. The foundational challenges arise from the inadequate use of the capacities of jurisprudence in criminalizing Muḥārabah (Armed Enmity or Terrifying Conflict) in relation to the other ḥadd-based security offenses, namely ifsād fi l-arż and baghī. Although these theoretical shortcomings did not produce significant effects on judicial decision-making, more than a decade after the Code’s enactment, important challenges have surfaced in adjudicating cases of muḥārabah. Some of these challenges are new, whereas others have precedents in the rulings of jurists, yet the law has not addressed them. Examples include ambiguities in cases where the perpetrator’s intent is directed at a specific individual, and the absence of discussion regarding situations in which no direct relationship exists between the perpetrator’s act and public insecurity. The latter category has created concrete difficulties in judicial practice; therefore, they are referred to as operational challenges. The present study identifies the major instances of both types of challenges and proposes pathways for resolving them by drawing upon the opinions of early and later jurists concerning muḥārabah,
Keywords
muḥārabah
crimes against security
legislative ambiguities
jurisprudential challenges in muḥārabah
Subjects
Qurān-i Karīm.
Āhangarān, Muḥammad Rasūl et al. " Tahlīl Rivāyī Qiyd Silāḥ dar Taḥaquq Jurm Muḥāribih". Muṭāliʻāt Fiqh-i va Ḥuqūq  Islāmī, no. 23 (autumn and winter 2020/1399): 123-148.
Āqāyīnīyā, Ḥusayn, Hādī Rustamī. Ḥuqūq-i Kayfarī Ikhtiṣāṣī 2: Jarāyim ʿAlayhi Maṣāliḥ ʿUmūmī Kishvar. Tehran: Mīzān. Chāp-i Awwal, 2021/1400.
Burhānī, Muḥsin. " Ifsād fi al-Arḍ; Ibhām Mafhūmī, "Mafāsid ʻAmalī (Tahlīl-i Ḥuqūqī  Madih-yi 286 Qānūn-i Mujāzāt-i Islāmī)".  Muṭāliʻāt Ḥuqūq-i Kayfarī va Jurmshināsī. Durih-yi 2, no. 2-3 (spring and summer  2016/1394): 19-44 
Fāḍil Hindī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Kashf  al-Lithām ʿan Qawāʾid al-Aḥkām. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1995/1416.
Fatḥī, Ḥujat Allāḥ. Sharḥ Mabsūṭ Qānūn-i Mujāzāt-i Islāmī 1972/1392, al-Ḥudūd. Tehran: Mūʾassisa Dāyrah al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Duvvum,  2018/1396.
Fāżil Muwaḥidī Lankarānī, Muḥammad. Tafṣīl al-Sharīʻa fī Sharḥ Taḥrīr al-Wasīla; Kitāb-i al-Ḥudūd. Qum: Markaz-i Fiqh  al-Aʾimah al-Aṭhār(AS), Chāp-i Awwal, 2001/1422.
Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Sayyid Maḥmūd. " Muḥārib Kīst va Muḥāribih Chīst?". (Bakhsh Awwal), Majalih-yi Fiqh Āl al-Bayt(AS). No. 11-12 (autumn and winter 1998/1376): 143-200.
Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Sayyid Maḥmūd. " Muḥārib Kīst va Muḥāribih Chīst?". (Bakhsh Duvvum), Majalih-yi Fiqh Āl al-Bayt(AS). No. 13, spring 1998/1377, 3-82.
Ḥurr ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Wasāʾil al-Shīʻa. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 1989/1409.
Ibn Idrīs, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. al-Sarāʾir al-Ḥāwī li-Taḥrīr al-Fatāwī. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1990/1410.
Ilām, Qulām Ḥusayn. " Barrisī Jurm Muḥāribih va Ifsād fi al-Arḍ dar Fiqh va Qawānīn Mawżūʻah". Ḥuqūqī Dādgustarī, no. 10 (1995/1373): 35-66.
Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Mabānī Takmilat al-Minhāj. Najaf: Mūʾassisa Iḥyāʾ Āsār Imām al-Khūʾī. Chāp-i Awwal, 2002/1422.
Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah. Qum: Dār al-ʻIlm. Chāp-i Awwal, 2001/1421.
Kulīnī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. al-Kāfī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Chāhārum,  1987/1407.
Marʻashī, SayyidMuḥammad Ḥasan. " Muḥāribih va Ifsād fi al-Arḍ". Majalih-yi Dādrisī. No. 10 (1958/1377): 10-16.
Mīr Muḥammad Ṣādiqī, Ḥusayn. Jarāym ʻAlayh Amnīyat va Āsāyish ʿUmūmī. Tehran: Mīzān. Chāp Bīst va Yikum, 2013/1392.
Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī. Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām fī Masāʾil al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān, Chāp-i Duvvum, 1988/1408.
Muʾmin Qumī, Muḥammad. "Kāvūshī dar Mujāzāt Muḥārib va Mufsid fi al-Arḍ". Majalih-yi Fiqh Āl al-Bayt. No. 35 (autumn2003/1382): 3-62.
Mūsawī Ardabīlī, ʿAbd  Karīm. Fiqh al-Ḥudūd wa al-Taʿzīrāt. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr li-Jāmiʿah al-Mufīd. Chāp-i Duwwum, 2006/1427.
Mūsawī Mashhadī, Sayyidah Qudsīyih. " Bāzkhānī  Māhīyat va Maṣādīq  Muḥāribih dar Jarāyim ʿAlayhi Naẓm ʿUmumī". Fiqh va Uṣūl. No. 96 (2015/1393): 133-158.
Pūrmuḥammadī, Muḥsin et al.  "Ibhām dar Jurmingārī Baghī". Majlis va Rāhburd. No. 114 (2023/1402): 163-193.
Ṣāḥib Jawāhir. Muḥammad Ḥasan. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāyʿ al-Islām.  Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī. Chāp-i Haftum, 1984/1404.
Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. al-Mīzān fī Tafsīr al-Qurān. Beirut: al-Aʻlamī. 1973/1352.
Tabrīzī, Javād. Ususu al-Ḥudūd wa al-Taʿzīrāt. Tehran: Daftar Muʾallif. Chāp-i Awwal, 1996/1417.
Zargūshnasab, ʻAbd al-Jabār. "Shūrishīyān Sabz Biyn Baghī va Muḥāribih". Maʿrifat. No. 153 (2011/1389): 55-70.
 
 
 
 
Send comment about this article
Enter Name.
Enter a valid email address.
Enter a vaid affiliation.
Enter comments (At leaset 10 words)
CAPTCHA Image
Enter Security Code Correctly.

  • Receive Date 13 February 2024
  • Revise Date 16 April 2024
  • Accept Date 11 June 2024