Analyzing the Difference in the Foundations for Accepting the Validity of Manifestation in Speech and Conduct

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Fatemeh Maschi Zadeh ¹

Mohammadreza Hamidi ²

Zohre Hajian Foroushani ²

¹ Master degree of Fiqh and Islamic Law.of Jurisprudence and Principles of Islamic Law, Faculty of Theology & Islamic Studies, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

² Assistant Professor, Department of Fiqh and Foundations of Islamic Law, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

10.22067/jfiqh.2024.87390.1762

Abstract

Works of uṣūl al-fiqh contain extensive discussions concerning the validity of mnifestation (ḥujjiyyat ẓawāhir al-alfāẓ). The dominant position among uṣūlī scholars affirms this authority, and a wide range of juristic and judicial rulings are grounded in it. In contrast, the probative authority of the apparent meanings of actions (ḥujjiyyat ẓawāhir al-afʿāl) has received comparatively limited attention and has generated greater disagreement. The present study seeks to trace the roots of this issue through a descriptive–analytical method. The study also explores the doubts surrounding the probative authority of the appearances of actions. While factors such as the non-conventional nature of the signification of actions, the uncertainty of contextual indicators, and the absence of clear principles in cases of doubt pose serious challenges to recognizing their probative authority, adopting Shahīd Ṣadr’s theory regarding probability appears to provide a viable solution. In this way, where the apparent meaning of an action produces subjective certainty and offers a reliable indication of a particular meaning, it may constitute a legitimate basis for the judge’s knowledge (ʿilm al-qāḍī).

Keywords

validity (ḥujjiyya)

validity of manifestation in speech

validity of manifestation in conduct

judge’s knowledge (ʿilm al-qāḍī)

Subjects

• Principles of jurisprudence

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