Assessing the Applicability of the Option of Stipulation (Khiyār-i Sharṭ) in Pre-sale Contract (Ṣarf) and Credit Agreement (Salam) Contracts in Light of the Principle of Freedom of Will

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Ahmad Saberi Majd ¹

Mehdi Miri ²

¹ Assistant Professor, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

² PhD in Private Law, Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

10.22067/jfiqh.2024.87293.1758

Abstract

Despite the consensus of jurists and the Iranian Civil Code on the applicability of the option of stipulation (khiyār-i sharṭ) in contracts of sale (bayʿ), there is disagreement regarding the possibility of incorporating it into pre-sale contracts and credit agreements. The present study employs a descriptive–analytical method and relies on library-based sources in order to examine this issue in detail. Findings clarify that by relying on the principle of contractual freedom and in light of the absence of any sharʿī or legal prohibition, khiyār-i sharṭ may also be applied to pre-sale contract and credit agreement transactions. This conclusion is in line with the general texts of the Qurʾān and the Sunna, the principle of Freedom of Will, and Articles 399 and 456 of the Iranian Civil Code. In addition, in light of the complexities of financial markets and the demand for specialized knowledge, recognizing khiyār-i sharṭ in such contracts may enhance justice and equity (in line with the objectives of social jurisprudence) by balancing the bargaining power of the parties and reducing contractual risks.

Keywords

rescission of sale

khiyār-i sharṭ

pre-sale contracts

credit agreement

Principle of Freedom of Will

Subjects

• Civil jurisprudence

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