Fiqh and Usul

Fiqh and Usul

Re-examining the Jurisprudential and Legal Foundations of Immediacy and Deferral in Exercising the Option of Rescission of Marriage (Article 1131 of the Civil Code)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Mahdi Miri 1
Farzaneh Karami 1
Gholamreza Yazdani 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Law, Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
10.22067/jfiqh.2024.83850.1624
Abstract
The immediacy of the option of rescission in the marriage contract is accepted by the majority of Imāmī jurists and the majority position among Sunnī jurists. However, some later jurists have inclined toward deferral (tarākhī). Using a descriptive-analytical methodology, this study proposes a new approach to the question of immediacy and deferral in exercising the option to rescind a marriage, one that is responsive to contemporary standards. Under this approach, the holder of the option may rescind the marriage contract after a delay where justified grounds exist, provided that the relevant conditions and safeguards are observed. These include he existence of justified reasons for delay, the absence of a negative effect of delay on the rights of the husband and wife, and the absence of unacceptable delay. These conditions and regulations include the existence of justified reasons for delay, the absence of a negative effect of delay on the rights of the husband and wife, and the absence of unacceptable delay. To establish the permissibility of deferral several foundations have been considered, including the rationale behind legislating the option of rescission, reference to the will of the holder of the option, the inherent requirements of the marriage contract, the strengthening of the family system, the harmful consequences of accepting the immediacy approach, and the interpretation of the traditions of the ʾAhl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). In light of these considerations, adopting the approach of deferral in protecting the rights of the injured party can be used as one of the legal and Sharīʿa-based solutions for resolving marital problems in cases where rescission of the marriage contract is necessary, provided that the desirable conditions and regulations are observed.
Keywords
immediacy of the option
deferral in the option
rescission of the marriage contract
strengthening of the family system
Subjects
Abū Isḥāq Shīrāzī, Ibrāḥīm ibn ʿAlī. al-Muhadhdhab fī Fiqh al-Imām al-Shafiʿī. S.l: Dār al-Kutub ʿIlmīyyah. S.d.
Āl Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ, Ḥasan ibn Jaʻfar. Anwār al-Faqāhah: Kitāb al-Nikāḥ. Najaf: Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ,  2001/1422.
ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Irshād al-Adhhān ilā Aḥkām al-Īmān. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1990/1410.
ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Qawāʾid al-Aḥkām fī Maʿrifa al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1993/1413.
ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Tabṣira al-Mutaʿallimīn fī Aḥkām al-Dīn. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Chāp va Nashr Vābastih bi Vizārat-i Farhang va Irshād Islāmī. 1991/1411.
ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Taḥrīr al-Aḥkām al-Sharʿīya ʻalā Madhhab al-Imāmīya. Qum: Mūʾassisah Imām Ṣādiq(AS), 2000/1420.
Azharī, Sulaymān ibn ʻUmar al-Iijīlī. Futūḥāt al-Wahāb bi-Tawḍīḥ  Sharḥ Manhaj al-Ṭulāb al-Maʻrūf bi Ḥāshīyah al-Jamal. S.l. s.n. s.d.
Baḥrānī, Yūsuf ibn Aḥmad. Ḥadāʾiq al-Nāḍira fī Aḥkām al-ʿItra Ṭāḥira. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1985/1405.
Buhūtī, Manṣūr ibn Yūnus. Kashshāf al-Qinā ʿ ʿan Matn al-Iqnā ʿ. s.l. s.n. s.d.
Fāḍil Hindī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Kashf  al-Lithām wa al-Ibhām ʿan Qawāʾid al-Aḥkām. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1995/1416.
Fāżil Muwaḥidī Lankarānī, Muḥammad. Dirāsāt fī al-Uṣūl. Qum: Markaz-i Fiqh  al-Aʾimah al-Aṭhār(AS),  2009/1430.
Fāżil Muwaḥidī Lankarānī, Muḥammad. Tafṣīl al-Sharīʻa fī Sharḥ Taḥrīr al-Wasīla; al-Nikāḥ. Qum: Markaz-i Fiqh  al-Aʾimah al-Aṭhār(AS), 2000/1421.
Fiyḍ Kāshānī, Muḥammad ibn Shāh Murtaḍā. Mafātīḥ Sharāʾiʿ. Qum: Kitābkhānah-yi Āyat Allāh Marʻashī Najafī. S.d.
Gulpāygānī, Sayyid Muḥammad Riḍā. Hidāya al-ʿUbād. Qum: Dār al-Qurān al-Karīm, 1993/1413.
Ḥakīm, Sayyid Muḥammad Taqī. al-Qawāʿid al-ʿĀmah fī Al-Fiqh al-Muqārin. Tehran:  Majmaʻ al-ʿĀlamī li-l-Taqrīb Bayn al-Madhāhib al-Islāmīyya, Muʻāwinīya al-Thaqāfiya, 2008/1429.
Hamadānī, Riżā ibn Muḥammad Hādī. Miṣbāḥ al-Faqīh. Mūʾassisa al-Jaʻfarīya li-Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth va Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1995/1416.
Ḥusaynī Mīlānī, Sayyid ʿAlī. Taḥqīq al-Uṣūl. Qum: Ḥaqāʾiq. Chāp-i Duwwum, 2007/1428.
Ḥusaynī Rūḥānī. Ṣādiq. Fiqh al-Ṣādiq (AS). Qum: Dār al-Kitāb- Madrisah-yi Imām Ṣādiq(AS), 1992/1412.
Ḥusaynī Rūḥānī. Ṣādiq. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. s.l. s.n. s.d.
Ibn  Ḥamzih, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. al-Wasīlah ilā Niyl al-Faḍīlah. Qum: Kitābkhānah-yi Āyat Allāh Marʿashī  Najafī. 1988/1408.
Ibn  Qudāmah, ʻAbd Allāh  ibn Aḥmad. al-Mughnī. S.l. Maktaba al-Qāhirah, 1969/1388.
Ibn  Qudāmah, ʻAbd Allāh  ibn Aḥmad. al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr ʿalā Matn al-Muqniʿ. s.l. Dār al-Kitāb al-ʻArabī, s.d.
Ibn ʻĀbidīn, Muḥammad Amīn. Rad al-Mukhtārʻalā al-Dur al-Mukhtār. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1992/1412.
Ibn Humām, Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd al-Wāḥid. Fatḥ al-Qadīr. s.l. s.n.s.d.
Ibn Saʿīd, Yaḥyā ibn Aḥmad .al-Jāmiʿ li-l-Sharāyʿ. Qum: Sayyid al-Shuhadā ʿIlmīyyah, 1985/1405.
Ibn Shās, ʻAbd Allāh  ibn Najm  al-Dīn Muḥammad. ʿIqd al-Jawāhir al-Thamanīyah fī Mazhab Ālam al-Madanīya. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī. 2003/1423.
Imāmī, Sayyid Ḥasan. Ḥuqūq Madanī. Tehran: Islāmī. s.d.
Isfahānī, Sayyid Abū al-Ḥasan. Wasīlah al-Najāt. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Tanẓīm va Nashr-i Āsār-i  Imām Khumaynī, 2001/1422.
Kābūlī, Muḥammad Isḥāq. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. s.l. s.n. s.d.
Kātūzīyān, Nāṣir. Ḥuqūq-i Madanī: Khānivādih. Tehran: Shirkat Sahāmī Intishār. Chāp-i Haftum, 2007/1385.
Khaṭīb Shirbīnī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Mughnī al-Muḥtāj ilā Maʿrifa Maʿānī Alfāẓ Minhāj. S.l. Kutub ʿIlmīyyah, 1994/1415.
Khaṭīb Shirbīnī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Mughnī al-Muḥtāj ilā Maʿrifa Maʿānī al-Alfāẓ al-Minhāj. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, s.d.
Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Dirāsāt fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Muqarr ʿAlī Hāshimī Shāhrūdī. Qum: Mūʾassisa Dāyrah al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī bar Mazhab Ahl-i Bayt(AS). 1998/1419.
Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Mawsūʿa al-Imām al-Khūʾī. Qum: Mūʾassisa Iḥyāʾ Āthār-i al-Imām al-Khūʾī.  1997/1418.
Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. Qum: Madīnah al-ʻIlm. Chāp-i Bist va Hashtum, 1990/1410.
Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah. Qum: Dār al-ʻIlm. S.d.
Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. Zubda al-Aḥkām. Tehran: Sāzimān  Tablīghāt Islāmī, 1984/1404.
Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Kitāb-i al-Nikāḥ. Qum: Madrisah-yi Imām ʿAlī(AS). 2003/1424.
Markaz-i Iṭilāʿāt va Madārik-i Islāmī. Farhangnāmah-yi Uṣūl Fiqh. Qum: s.n,  2011/1389.
Mīrzā-yi Qumī, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Muḥammad Ḥasan. al-Qawānīn al-Muḥkama fī al-Uṣūl. Qum: Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 2009/1430.
Muḥaqqiq Dāmād, Sayyid Muṣṭafā. Barrisī Fiqhī Ḥuqūq Khānivādah: Nikāḥ va Inḥilāl ān. Qum: s.d.
Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī. Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʿ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīya. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Maṭbūʻāt al-Dīnīya, Chāp-i Shishum, 1997/1418.  
Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī. Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. Sharāyʿ al-Islām fī Masāʾil al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1988/1408.
Muḥaqqiq Karakī, ʿAlī ibn Ḥusayn. Jāmiʿ  al-Maqāṣid fī Sharḥ al-Qawāʾid. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). Chāp-i Duwwum,  1994/1414.
Muḥaqqiq Sabzawārī, Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muḥammad Muʾmin. Kifāya al-Aḥkām. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 2002/1423.
Murdāwī Maqdisī, ʻAlī ibn Sulaymān. al-Inṣāf fī Maʿrifa al-Rājiḥ min al-Khilāf ʿalā Madhhab al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Beirut: Dār Ihyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī, 1998/1419.
Mūsawī ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. Nihāya al-Marām fī Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1991/1411.
Nāʾīnī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Ajwad al-Taqrīrāt. Qum: ʿIrfān, 1973/1352.
Nawawī, Yaḥyā  ibn Sharaf al-Dīn. al-Rawḍa al-Ṭālibīn wa ʿUmda al-Muftīn al- Maktab al-Islāmī. Beirut, Dimash, ʿUmān, s.n. 1991/1412.
Nawawī, Yaḥyā  ibn Sharaf. Takmilat al-Majmūʻ Sharḥ al-Muhadhdhab. S.l.: Dār al-Fikr. s.d.
Rūḥānī, Muḥammad. Muntaqī al-Uṣūl. Qum: Daftar-i Āyat Allāh Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusaynī Rūḥānī. 1993/1413.
Sabzawārī, Sayyid ʿAbd  al-Aʿlā. al-Muhadhdhab al-Aḥkām fī Bayān al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qum:  al-Minār- Daftar Ḥażrat Āyat Allāh. Chāp-i Chāhārum, 1993/1413.
Ṣāḥib Jawāhir. Muḥammad Ḥasan ibn Bāqir. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāyʿ al-Islām. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾal-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī.  Chāp-i Haftum, 1984/1404.
Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī.  al-Rawḍa al-Bahīya fī Sharḥ al-Lumʿa al-Dimashqīya. Ḥāshīyih Kalāntar, Qum: Kitābfurūshī Dāwarī., 1989/1410.
Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī. Masālik al-Afhām ilā Tanqīḥ Sharāʾiʿal-Islām. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Maʿārif  al-Islāmīyya. 1993/1413.
Sīstānī, Sayyid ʿAlī. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. Qum: Ḥażrat Āyat Allāh Sīstānī, Chāp-i Panjum 1997/1417.
Ṭabāṭabāyī Ḥakīm, Sayyid Muḥsin. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. Beirut: Dār al-Taʻāruf. 1990/1410.
Ṭabāṭabāyī Karbalāyī, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ʿAlī. Rīyāḍ al-Masāʾil fī Taḥqīq al-Aḥkām bi al-Dalāʾil. Qum: Āl al-Bayt, 1997/1418.
Tabrīzī, Javād ibn ʿAlī. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. Qum: Majmʻ al-Imām  al- Mahdī, 2005/1426.
Ṭāhirī, Ḥabīb Allāḥ. Ḥuqūq-i Madanī. Qum: Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1997/1418.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan.  al-Mabsūṭ fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Tehran: al-Maktaba Murtażawīya li-Iḥyāʾ al-Āsār al-Jaʻfarīya. Chāp-i Sivum, 1967/1387.
Waḥīd Khurāsānī, Ḥusayn. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. Qum: Madrisah-yi Imām Bāqir (AS). Chāp-i Panjum, 2007/1428.
Wizārat-i al-Awqāf wa al-Shuʾūn al-Islāmīyya-al-Kuwait. Al-Mawsūʿa al-Fiqhīyah al-Kuwaitīya.  S.l: Dār al-Slāsil, 2006/1427.
Zuḥaylī, Wahbah.  al-Fiqh al-Islāmī wa Adillatuhu. Dimashq: Dār al-Fikr, Chāp-i Chāhārum s.d.
 
 
Send comment about this article
Enter Name.
Enter a valid email address.
Enter a vaid affiliation.
Enter comments (At leaset 10 words)
CAPTCHA Image
Enter Security Code Correctly.

  • Receive Date 02 September 2023
  • Revise Date 05 August 2024
  • Accept Date 30 November 2024