Fiqh and Usul

Fiqh and Usul

The Methodology of Identifying the Relative Importance of Rulings in Cases of Conflict (Tazāhum) and Its Effectiveness in Resolving Jurisprudential Issues: A Case Study of the Views of Shahīd (Martyr) Ṣadr

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Mojtaba Mosleh 1
Saeid Nazari Tavakkoli 2
1 PhD Student, Department of Jurisprudence & the Essentials of the Islamic Law, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Professor, Department of Jurisprudence & the Essentials of the Islamic Law, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
10.22067/jfiqh.2025.90887.1876
Abstract
One of the priority criteria (murajjihāt) in cases of conflict (tazāḥum) is the precedence of “the more important” over “the important”; although some scholars of principles of Fiqh have reduced all other prepondering factors by mentioning the theory of the unity of preponderants. Despite extensive studies, sufficient attention has not been paid to how to distinguish “the more important” from “the important”. In certain jurisprudential investigations (such as the conflict between the pilgrimage (ḥajj) and a vow (nazr)), various indicators have been proposed. Shahīd Ṣadr has enumerated six criteria for identifying the importance of a Shari'a ruling relative to other rulings. In the present research, which is conducted via the descriptive-analytical method and relies on library-based resources, we seek to evaluate the effectiveness of these six criteria in resolving the conflict of rulings. Findings indicate that "explicit mention of importance in narrative texts" and "the correlation between the ruling and its subject matter" possess sufficient validity for identifying the importance of one Shari'a ruling over another. However, "the absolute implication of the evidence" (ʾiṭlāq-i dalīl), "attention to the characteristics of an act in narrative texts”, "the intensity of the threat regarding the abandonment of a duty", and "the frequency of specification" are unacceptable due to a lack of valid evidence. Nevertheless, even if these six indicators do not prove the definitive importance of one of the two conflicting rulings, some of them indicate a degree of probabilistic importance that is sufficient for the precedence of one Shari'a ruling according to Shahīd Ṣadr.
Keywords
“the more important” and “the important” (ʾaham va muhimm)
conflict (tazāḥum)
Shari'a ruling
Shahīd (Martyr) Ṣadr
jurisprudential issue
Subjects
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