Fiqh and Usul

Fiqh and Usul

An Analysis of the Jurisprudential Principle of the Dependence of Supererogatory Acts (navāfil) on Obligatory Acts (farāʾiż) (Case Study of the Ruling on the Traveler's Midday Supererogatory Prayers (nafla-yi ẓuhrayn) in Places of Choice (amākin-i takhyīr))

Document Type : Original Article

Author
Sayyed Mohamad Ali Salehi
Professor of Levels 2 and 3, Khorasan Seminary, Mashhad, Iran
10.22067/jfiqh.2025.89799.1833
Abstract
The rule of following and, subsequently, the midday supererogatory prayers of a traveler in the four specific locations is a subject related to the discussion of the traveler's prayer and supererogatory acts (navāfil). It is one of those small-looking yet significant issues that contain ambiguities making them difficult to reach a definitive legal basis. Among these questions are: Does the rule of dependence encompass supererogatory acts (navāfil) or obligatory acts (farāʾiż)? Is the following of navāfil by farāʾiż fundamentally provable? If so, does its scope also include the places of choice (amākin-i takhyīr)? And do the traveler's midday supererogatory prayers in locations other than the four specific ones carry the same ruling as those in the four locations? The present article evaluates the rule of following and the evidences for the legitimacy of the traveler's supererogatory prayer in the four locations. The study provides solutions to objections pointing to the absolute cancellation of supererogatory prayers (sutuq-i navāfil), the establishment of supererogatory prayers in the case of completion (itmām) or the intention of completion (qaṣd-i itmām), or their establishment in the case of treating the prayer as a short prayer (qaṣr).
The study employs library-based tools and a descriptive-analytical method and strengthens and proves the establishment of the midday supererogatory prayers for the traveler in the four specific locations, following a jurisprudential analysis. It concludes that the midday supererogatory prayers for the traveler in the four locations are established in an absolute sense.
Keywords
rule of dependence (qāʿidi-yi tabaʿīyat)
places of choice (amākin-i takhyīr)
the four locations
short prayer and completion (qaṣr va itmām)
traveler's supererogatory prayer (nafla-yi musāfir)
Subjects
Qurān-i Karīm
Abū al-Ṣalāḥ Ḥalabī. Taqī ibn Najm. al-Kāfī fī al-Fiqh. Isfahān: Kitābkhānah-yi Umūmī Amīr al-Muʾminīn(AS), 1983/1403.
Āl Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ, Ḥasan ibn Jaʻfar. Anwār al-Faqāhah: Kitāb al-Ṣalāt. Najaf: Mūʾassisa Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ, 2001/1422.
ʻAlam al-Hudā, ʻAlī  ibn Ḥusayn.  al-Intiṣār fī Infirādāt al-Imāmīyah. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1995/1415.
ʻAlam al-Hudā, ʻAlī  ibn Ḥusayn. al-Masāʾil al-Nāṣirīyāt. Tehran:  Rābiṭah al-Thaqāfa wa al-ʻAlāqāt al-Islāmīyya. 1996/1417.
ʻAlam al-Hudā, ʻAlī  ibn Ḥusayn. Jumal al-ʻIlm wa al-ʻAmal. Najaf: al-Ādāb, 2009/1387.
ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf.  Talkhīṣ al-Marām fī Maʿrifa al-Aḥkām. Qum: Mūʾassisah Nashr Islāmī. 2000/1421.
ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. al-Nihāya al-Aḥkām fī Maʿrifa al-Aḥkām. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS), 1998/1419.
ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. al-Risāla al-Saʿdīyah. Beirut: Dār al- Ṣafwa, 1993/1413.
ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Irshād al-Adhhān ilā Aḥkām al-Īmān. Qum: Mūʾassisah Nashr Islāmī, 1990/1410.
ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Mukhtalif al-Shīʿa fī Aḥkām al-Sharīʻa. s.l.: s.n. 1993/1413.
ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Muntahā al-Maṭlab. Mashhad: Majmaʻ Buḥūth al-Islāmīyya. 1992/1412.
ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Qawāʾid al-Aḥkām fī Maʿrifa al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qum: Mūʾassisah Nashr Islāmī. 1993/1413.
ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Tabṣira al-Mutaʿallimīn fī Aḥkām al-Dīn. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Chāp va Nashr Vābastih bi Vizārat-i Farhang va Irshād Islāmī. 1991/1411.
ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Tadhkara al-Fuqahāʾ. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). 1994/1414.
ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Taḥrīr al-Aḥkām al-Sharʿīyah ʻalā Mazhab al-Imāmīya. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Imām Ṣādiq(AS), 1999/1420.
Anṣārī, Murtaḍā ibn Muḥammad Amīn. Kitāb al-Ṣalāt. Qum: Kungirah-yi Jahānī Buzurgdāsht Shaykh Aʿẓam Anṣārī, 1995/1415.
Āqā Jamāl Khuwānsārī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Taʿlīqāt ʻalā al-Rawḍa al-Bahīya. Qum: Manshūrāt al-Madrisah al-Raḍawīya. S.d.
Arākī, Muḥammad ʿAlī. Kitāb al-Ṣalāt. Qum: Daftar Jināb Muʾallif, 2000/1421.
Bahbahānī, Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muḥammad Akmal. Maṣābīḥ al-Ẓalām. Qum: Mūʾassisa ʿAllāmah  Waḥīd al- Bahbahānī, 2003/1424.  
Bahjat Fūmanī, Muḥammad Taqī. Bahjat al-Faqīh. Qum: Shafaq, 2003/1424.
Baḥrānī, Yūsuf ibn Aḥmad. Ḥadāʾiq al-Nāḍira fī Aḥkām al-ʿItra Ṭāḥira. Qum:  Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1985/1405.
Banī Faḍl, Murtaḍā. Madārik Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah li-l-Imām Khumaynī: Kitāb al-Ṣalāt. s.l. s.n. s.d.
Burūjirdī, Ḥusayn. al-Badr al-Zāhir fī  Ṣalāt al-Jumʿah wa al-Musāfir. Qum: Daftar Ḥażrat Āyat Allāh, 1996/1416.
Burūjirdī, Ḥusayn. al-Nihāya al-Taqrīr. s.l. s.n. s.d.
Burūjirdī, Ḥusayn. Maqrīr Baḥth al-Sayyid al-Burūjirdī. Qum:  Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1996/1416.
Burūjirdī, Ḥusayn. Tibyān al-Ṣalāt. Qum: Ganj Irfān,  2005/1426.
Faqʿānī, ʿAlī ibn ʿAlī. Masāʾil Ibn Ṭay, al- Masāʾil al-Fiqhīyah. s.l. s.n. s.d.
Fayyāḍ, Muḥammad Isḥāq. Taʿālīq Mabsūṭa ʻalā al-ʿUrwa  al-Wuthqā. Qum: Maḥalātī. S.d
Fāżil Muwaḥidī Lankarānī, Muḥammad. Tafṣīl al-Sharīʻa fī Sharḥ Taḥrīr al-Wasīla. Qum: Muʾallif, 1988/1408.
Fiyḍ Kāshānī, Muḥammad ibn Shāh Murtaḍā. al-Muʿtaṣam al-Shīʿa fī Aḥkām al-Sharīʻa. Tehran: Madrisah ʻĀlī Shahīd Muṭaharī. 2008/1429.
Fiyḍ Kāshānī, Muḥammad ibn Shāh Murtaḍā. Al-Shahāb al-Thaqāb fī Vujūb Ṣalāt al-Jumʿah al-Aynī. Beirut: al-Aʻlamī. 1981/1401.
Fiyḍ Kāshānī, Muḥammad ibn Shāh Murtaḍā. Mafātīḥ Sharāʾiʿ. Qum: Kitābkhānah-yi Āyat Allāh Marʻashī Najafī, 2023/1401.
Gharavī Isfahānī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. al-Ṣalāt al-Musāfir. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1989/1409.
Ḥakīm, Sayyid Muḥsin. Mustamsak al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqā. Qum: Dār al-Tafsīr. 1995/1416.
Hamadānī, Riżā ibn Muḥammad Hādī. Miṣbāḥ al-Faqīh. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Jaʻfarīya li-Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth, Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī.  , 1995/1416.
Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Sayyid Maḥmūd. Qarāʾāt Fiqhīyah Muʿāṣirah. Qum: Mūʾassisa Dāyrah al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī bar Madhhab Ahl-i Bayt(AS). 2002/1423.
Ḥujat Kuhkamarī, Sayyid  Muḥammad. al-Najm al-Zāhir fī Ṣalāt al-Musāfir. Tabrīz: Ṭulūʻ, 1990/1410.
Ḥurr ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Wasāʾil al-Shīʻa. Qum: Mūʾassisa Āl al-Bayt(AS). 1989/1409.
Ḥusaynī ʻĀmulī, Muḥammad Javād ibn Muḥammad. Miftāḥ al-Karāmah fī Sharḥ Qawāʿid ʿAllāma. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1998/1419.
Ibn Āthīr, Mubārak ibn Muḥammad. al-Nihāya fī  Gharīb al-Ḥadīth wa al-Athar. S.l.: Ismāʻīlīyān. 1893/1311.
Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī. al-Hidāya fī al-Uṣūl wa al-Furūʻ. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Imām al-Hādī(AS). 1997/1418.
Ibn Barrāj, ʿAbd ʿAzīz ibn Niḥrīr. al-Muhadhdhab. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1986/1406.
Ibn Idrīs, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. al-Sarāʾir al- Ḥāwī li-Taḥrīr al-Fatāwī. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1990/1410.
Ibn Saʿīd, Yaḥyā ibn Aḥmad .al-Jāmiʿ li-l-Sharāyʿ. Qum: Sayyid al-Shuhadā ʿIlmīyyah, 1985/1405.
Ibn Saʿīd, Yaḥyā ibn Aḥmad. Nuzha al-Nāẓir fī al-Jamaʿ Bayn al-Ashbāh wa al-Naẓāʾir. Qum: Raḍī, 1974/1394.
Ibn Shahīd Thānī, Ḥasan ibn Zayn al-Dīn. Istiqṣāʾ al-Iʿtibār fī Sharḥ al-Istibṣār. S.l: Āl al-Bayt(AS), 1998/1419.
Ibn Zuhrah, Ḥamza ibn ʿAlī. Ghunya al-Nuzūʿ ilā ʻIlmī al-Uṣūl wa Furūʿ. Qum: Imām Ṣādiq (AS(, 1997/1417.
Isfahānī, Abū al-Ḥasan. Ṣalāt al-Musāfir. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1995/1415.
Ishtihārdī, ʿAlī Panāh. Madārik al-ʿUrwa. S.l:  Dār al-Uswah. 1996/1417.
Jamʻī az Pazhūhishgarān. Farhang-i Fiqh Muṭābiq-i Mazhab-i Ahl-i Bayt(AS).  zīr nażar Sayyid Maḥmūd Hāshimī Shāhrūdī. Qum: Dāyrah al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī. 2005/1426.
Jamʻī az Pazhūhishgarān. Muʿjam al-Fiqh al-Jawāhir. zīr nażar Sayyid Maḥmūd Hāshimī Shāhrūdī. Beirut: al-Ghadīr. 1996/1417.
Kāshānī, Ḥabīb Allāh ibn  ʻAlī Madad. Tashīl al-Masālik ilā al-Madārik. S.l. al-Maṭbaʻa al-ʻIlmīyya, 1984/1404.
Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Mausūʿat al-Imām al-Khūʾī. Qum: Mūʾassisa Iḥyāʾ Āsār al-Imām al-Khūʾī. 1997/1418.
Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. Qum: Madīnah al-ʻIlm. 1990/1410.
Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. Zubda al-Aḥkām. Tehran: Sāzimān  Tablīghāt Islāmī, 1984/1404.
Khuwānsārī, Aḥmad ibn Yusūf. Jāmiʿ al-Madārik fī Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʿ. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān, 1985/1405.
Khuwānsārī, Aḥmad ibn Yusūf. Mashāriq al-Shumūs fī Sharḥ al-Durūs. Qum: al- Maktaba al-Dāwarī, 1985/1405.
Kulīnī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. al-Kāfī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya.  1987/1407.
Majlisī, Muḥammad Taqī  ibn Maqṣūd ʿAlī. Lawāmiʻ Ṣāḥibqarānī. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān. 1994/1414.
Mīrzā-yi Qumī, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Muḥammad Ḥasan. Ghanāʾim al-Ayyām fī Masāʾil al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1996/1417.
Mudarris Yazdī, ʻAbbās. Namūdhaj fī al-Fiqh al-Jaʻfarī. Qum: Kitābfurūshī Dāwarī, Chāp-i Awwal,  1990/1410.
Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. al-Muqniʿa. Qum: Mūʾassisa Imām Hādī(AS). 1995/1415.
Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. al-Iʿlām Bimā Ittafaqat ʿAlayhi al-Imāmīyah min al-Aḥkām. Qum: Kungirah-yi Jahānī Hizārih Shaykh Mufīd, 1993/1413.
Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. al-Ishrāf fī ʿĀmah Farāʾ iḍ Ahl al-Islām. Qum: Kungirah-yi Jahānī Hizārih Shaykh Mufīd, 1993/1413.
Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. al-Muqniʿa. Qum: Kungirah-yi Jahānī Hizārih Shaykh Mufīd, 1993/1413.
Muḥaqqiq Dāmād, Sayyid Muḥammad. Kitāb al-Ṣalāt. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1996/1416.
Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī. Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʿ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīya. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Maṭbūʻāt al-Dīnīya, 1997/1418.  
Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī. Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. al-Muʿtabar fī Sharḥ al-Mukhtaṣar. Qum: Sayyid al-Shuhadā(AS), 1987/1407.
Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī. Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. Nukat al-Nihāya. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1992/1412.
Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī. Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām fī Masāʾil al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān.  1988/1408.
Muḥaqqiq Karakī, ʿAlī ibn Ḥusayn. Jāmiʿ  al-Maqāṣid fī Sharḥ al-Qawāʾid. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). 1994/1414.
Muqaddas Ardabīlī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. Majmaʻ al-Fāʾida wa al-Burhān. Qum: Mūʾassisah Nashr Islāmī,  1983/1403.
Mūsawī ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. Madārik al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ ʻIbādāt Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Beirut: Āl al-Bayt(AS), 1991/1411.
Nāʾīnī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Kitāb al-Ṣalāt. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1991/1411.
Najafī Isfahānī, Muḥammad Riḍā. Nujʿa al-Murtād. Isfahān: Mūʾassisah-yi Farhangī Muṭāliʻātī al-Zahrā, 1995/1416.
Narāqī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Mahdī. Mustanad al-Shīʻa  fī al-Aḥkām al-Sharīʻa. S.l: Āl al-Bayt(AS), 1995/1415.
Narāqī, Mahdī  ibn Abīzar. Tuḥafa Raḍawīyah. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 2005/1426.
Qūliwayh, Jaʻfar ibn Muḥammad. Kāmil al-Zīyārāt. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1996/1417.
Qumī, Abbās ibn Muḥammad Riḍā. al-Dalāʾil. Qum: Manshūrāt al-Raḍī, 1960/1379.
Rūḥānī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ṣādiq. Fiqh al-Ṣādiq(AS). Qum: Dār al-Kitāb- Madrisah-yi Imām Ṣādiq (AS),  1992/1412.
Ṣāḥib Jawāhir. Muḥammad Ḥasan. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāyʿ al-Islām. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾal-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī., 1984/1404.
Salār Daylamī, Ḥamazat ibn ʿAbd ʿAzīz.  Al-Marāsim al-ʿAlwīyya wa al-Aḥkām al-Nabawīya. Qum: Manshūrāt al- Ḥaramīn, 1984/1404.
Sanad, Muḥammad. Sanad al-ʿUrwa  al-Wuthqā; Ṣalāt al-Musāfir. Qum: Qum: Dāvarī. 1993/ 1413.
Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. Al-Alfīyah. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1994/1414.
Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. Al-Bayān, Qum: Muḥaqiq, 1992/1412.
Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. al-Durūs al-Sharʿīyah fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyah. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1996/1417.
Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. al-Lumʿa al-Dimashqīya. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1989/1410.
Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. al-Naflīya. Qum: Madrisah al-Imām  al- Mahdī(AS). 1988/1408.
Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. al-Qawāʾid wa al-Fawāʾid. Qum: Kitābfurūshī Mufīd, s.d.
Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. Dhikrā al-Shīʿa fī Aḥkām al-Sharīʻa. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS), 1998/1419.
Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. Ghāyat al-Murād fī Sharḥ Nukat al-Irshād. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1993/1413.
Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī.  al-Fawāʾid al-Malīya li-Sharḥ al-Risāla al-Naflīya. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1999/1420.
Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī.  al-Ḥāshīya al-Thānīya ʿalā al-Alfīyah. Qum: Mūʾassisah Nashr Islāmī ,1999/1420.
Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī.  al-Ḥāshīya al-Ūlā ʿalā  al-Alfīyah.  Qum: Mūʾassisah Nashr Islāmī ,1999/1420.
Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī.  Ḥāsīyah al-Irshād. Qum: Mūʾassisa Nashr Islāmī, 1994/1414.
Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī.  Ḥāsīyah Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʿ. Qum: Mūʾassisah Nashr Islāmī , 2001/1422.
Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī.  Masālik al-Afhām ilā Tanqīḥ Sharāʾiʿal-Islām. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Maʿārif  al-Islāmīyya. 1993/1413.
Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī.  Rawḍ  al-Jinān fī Sharḥ Irshād al-Adhhān. Qum: Mūʾassisah Nashr Islāmī, 1982/1402.
Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī. al-Rawḍa al-Bahīya fī Sharḥ al-Lumʿah al-Dimashqīyah. Qum: Mūʾassisah Nashr Islāmī, 1990/1410.
Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī. Ḥāsīyah Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Qum: Mūʾassisah Nashr Islāmī, 2001/1422.
Shushtarī, Muḥammad Taqī. al-Najʿa fī al-Sharḥ al-Lumʿa. Tehran: Kitābfurūshī al-Ṣadūq. 1986/1406.
Subḥānī Tabrīzī, Jaʻfar. Żīyāʾ al-Nāẓir fī Aḥkām Ṣalāt al-Musāfir. Qum:  Mūʾassisah-yi Imām Ṣādiq (AS(. 1998/1418.
Ṭabāṭabāyī  Qumī, Sayyid Taqī. Mabānī Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. Qum: Qalam al-Sharq. 2005/1426.
Ṭabāṭabāyī Karbalāyī, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ʿAlī. Rīyāḍ al-Masāʾil .Qum: Āl al-Bayt, 1997/1418.
Tajlīl Tabrīzī, Abū Ṭālib. al-Taʿlīqa al-Istidlālīya ʻalā Taḥrīr al-Wasīla. Mūʾassisah-yi Tanẓīm va Nashr-i Āsār-i  Imām Khumaynī. 2000/1421.
Tarḥīnī ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. al-Zubda al-Fiqhīya fī Sharḥ al-Rawḍa al-Bahīya. Qum:  Dār al-Fiqh, 2006/1427.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Iqtiṣād al-Hādī ilā Ṭarīq al-Rashād. S.l.: Kitābkhānah-yi Jāmʿ Chihilsutūn. Chāp-i Awwal,  1997/1375.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Istibṣār fī mā Ikhtalafa min al-Akhbār. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya. 1970/1390.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Jamal wa al-ʿUqūd fī al-ʿIbādāt. Mashhad: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,1968/1387.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Khilāf. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī , 1997/1417.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīya. Tehran: Maktaba Murtażawīya, 1968/1387.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Nihāya fī Mujarrad al-Fiqh wa al-Fatāwā. S.l.:  Dār al-Kitāb al-ʻArabī. 1980/1400.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Tahdhīb  al-Aḥkām. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya. 1987/1407.
Yazdī, Muḥammad Kāẓim ibn ʻAbd al-ʿAẓīm. al-ʿUrwa  al-Wuthqā  maʿa Taʿālīq a-Imām al-Khumaynī. S.l. Mūʾassisah-yi Tanẓīm va Nashr-i Āsār-i  Imām Khumaynī. 2001/1422.
Yazdī, Muḥammad Kāẓim ibn ʻAbd al-ʿAẓīm. al-ʿUrwa  al-Wuthqā al-Muḥashshī. S.l.: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1999/1419.
 
 
Send comment about this article
Enter Name.
Enter a valid email address.
Enter a vaid affiliation.
Enter comments (At leaset 10 words)
CAPTCHA Image
Enter Security Code Correctly.

  • Receive Date 14 September 2024
  • Revise Date 15 January 2025
  • Accept Date 19 February 2025