The Role of Possibility of Recovery from Hardship (Jubrān-i Ḥaraj) with an Analytical Approach to Article 56 of the Law of Population

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Reza PourSedghi ¹
• Ma’soumeh Nafisi Rad ²

¹ Researcher, Research Center for Jurisprudential Studies, Legal Medicine Research Center

² PhD Candidate, Women’s Studies, Family Law, University of Religions and Denominations; fourth level Seminary Student, Family Jurisprudence, Jamʿiyyat al-Zahra, Qom, Iran

10.22067/jfiqh.2023.58234.0

Abstract

Article 56 of the Law of Population has banned abortion on the basis of recovery from hardship (Jubrān-i Ḥaraj). Current literature falls short of addressing the condition of recovery from hardship within jurisprudence, and further studies are needed to align the law with Sharīʿa in this regard. The prevalence of the issue in the society, and the significance of child abortion necessitate special research into topics related to therapeutic abortion. The present research uses an analytical-critical approach and illustrates that due to the possibility of recovery in how customary judgment assesses the cases of hardship, the condition cannot be overlooked altogether. However, its applicability across all instances of hardship is debatable, because given the correlation between the ruling and the subject in this case, and also due to the absence of hardship in certain cases, the reasoning for eliminating hardship (nafy-i al- ḥaraj) does not align. For instance, when the mother is experiencing physical hardship due to lack of medical and caregiving resources and recovery measures can eliminate the hardship. However, in the case of non-physical (psychological) hardships, recovery measures do not necessarily lead to the elimination of hardship, and hardship persists in these cases. Therefore, the application of Article 56 in the condition of possibility of recovery is debatable.

Keywords

• hardship (ḥaraj)
• possibility of recovery
• mandūḥa
• abortion
• malformed fetus
• Article 56 of the Law of Population

Main Subjects

• Criminal jurisprudence

---

References

Āhūrān, Nūshīn. “Barrisī Adillah-yi Jawāz va Ḥurmat Siqṭ-i Janīn”, Ḥawrāʾ. no. 25, s.d.

Ākhūnd Khurāsānī, Muḥammad Kāẓim ibn Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Kifāya al-Uṣūl. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). 1989/1409.

Akramī, Sayyid Muḥammad et al. “Barrisī Ḥuqūqī Gharbālgarī Salāmat Janīn va Siqṭ Darmānī dar Ṭarḥ-i Javānī Jamʿīyat va Ḥimāyat az Khānivādah”, Ḥuqūq Pizishkī. Durih-yi 15, no. 56, spring 2022/1400, 505-516.

ʻĀmilī, Yāsīn ʻĪsā. al-Iṣṭilāḥāt al-Fiqhīyah fī  al-Rasāʾil  al-ʻIlmīyya. Beirut:  Dār al-Balāghah. 1993/1413.

Anṣārī, Muḥammad ʻAlī. Mawsūʿa al-Fiqhīya al-Muyassara wa Yalīhā al-Mulḥaq al-Uṣūlī . Qum: Majmaʻ al-Fikr al-Islāmī. 1995/1415. 

Anṣārī, Murtaḍā ibn Muḥammad Amīn. Kitāb al-Ḥajj. Qum: Majmaʻ al-Fikr al-Islāmī. 2004/1425.

Aʿrāfī, ʻAlī Riżā, Dars Khārij Fiqh: Ijtihād va Taqlīd. 2015/1394.

Āshtiyānī, Muḥammad Hasan ibn Jaʻfar. al-Rasāʾil al-Tisʻ “al-Fiqhīya wa Uṣūlīya” Risālah Qāʿida Nafy al-ʻUsr wa al-Ḥaraj. Qum: Kungirah-yi al-ʿAllāmah  Āshtiyānī. 2004/1383.

Āsimānī, Umīd va et al. “Chālish-hā-yi Ijrāyī Qawāʾid Nafy ʻUsr va Ḥaraj,  lāḍarar va Iḍṭirār dar Siqṭ Darmānī”, Fiqh Pizishkī. Durih-yi 4, no. 23, autumn 2011/1389, 39-69.

Badrī, Taḥsīn. Muʿjam Mufradāt Uṣūl al-Fiqh al-Muqārin. Tehran: al-Mashriq. 2007/1428.

Bujnūrdī, Ḥasan. al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhīyah. Qum: al-Hādī. 1958/1377.

Dihkhudā, ʻAlī Akbar. Lughat Nāmih Dihkhudā, Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Chāp  va Intishārāt University of Tehran, 1999/1377.

Farāhīdī, Khalīl ibn Aḥmad. Kitāb al-ʻAyn. Qum: Nashr. 1990/1410.

Fayyāḍ, Muḥammad Isḥāq. Taʿālīq Mabsūṭa ʻalā al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqā. Qum: Maḥalātī. s.d.

Ghadīrī, ʿAbd Allāh ʻĪsā Ibrāhīm. al-Qāmūs al-Jāmiʿ li-l-Muṣṭalaḥāt al-Fiqhīya. Beirut: Dār al-Rasūl al-Akram)pbuh(. 1997/1418.

Ḥāʾirī, Murtaḍā. Mabānī al-Aḥkām fī Uṣūl Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 2003/1424.

Ḥakīm, Muḥammad Saʿīd. al-Muḥkam fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Qum: s.n. 1994/1414.

Ḥakīm, Muḥsin. Mustamsak al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqā. Qum: Dār al-Tafsīr, 1995/1416.

Hamadānī, Riżā ibn Muḥammad Hādī. Miṣbāḥ al-Faqīh. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Jaʻfarīya li-Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth wa  Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1996/1416.

Ḥammād, Nazīh. Muʿjam Muṣṭalaḥāt al-Mālīya wa al-Iqtiṣādīya fī Lugha al-Fuqahāʾ. Dimashq: Dār al-Qalam. 2008/1429.

Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Maḥmūd. Farhang-i Fiqh Muṭābiq-i Mazhab-i Ahl-i Bayt(AS). Qum: Mūʾassisa Dāyrah al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī bar Mazhab-i Ahl-i Bayt(AS). 2004/1382.

Ḥurr ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Tafṣīl Wasāʾil al-Shīʻa ilā  Taḥṣīl Masāʾil al-Sharīʻa. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS), 1995/1416.

Ḥusaynī khvāh , Sayyid Javād. Qāʿidah-yi lā-Ḥaraj: Taqrīrāt Durus Ustād Muʿaẓẓam  Ḥājj Shaykh Muḥammad Javād Fāżil Lankarānī. Qum: Markaz-i Fiqhī  Aʾimah Aṭhār(AS). 1966/1385.

Ḥusaynī, Muḥammad. al-Dalīl al-Fiqhī Taṭbīqāt Fiqhīyah li-Muṣṭalaḥāt ʻIlm Uṣūl. Dimashq: Markaz Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥillī li-l-Dārisāt al-Fiqhīyah. 2007/1428.

Ḥusaynī, Muḥammad. Muʿjam Muṣṭalaḥāt al-Uṣūlīya. Beirut: Mūʾassisa al-ʿĀrif. 1995/1415.

Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram. Lisān al-ʿArab. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir. 1993/1414.

ʿIrāqī, Żīyāʾ al-Dīn. al-Badāʾiʿ al-Afkār fī al-Uṣūl.Najaf: al-Maṭbaʻa al-ʻIlmīyya. 1951/1370.

Jalīlī, Majīd. “Siqṭ-i Janīn az Dīdgāh Fiqh-i Shīʻah”, Nashrīyāt-i Madāris, Faṣlnāmih-yi Mishkāt Maʿrifat. yr. 1, summer 2015/1393.

Khāminah-ī, Sayyid ʿAlī. Ajwibat Istiftāʾāt. Kuwait: Dār al-Nabaʾ. 1995/1415.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Mausūʿat al-Imām al-Khūʾī. Qum: Mūʾassisa Iḥyāʾ Āsār al-Imām al-Khūʾī, 1997/1418.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Miṣbāḥ al-Uṣūl; Mabāḥith Alfāẓ. Qum: Dāvarī. 1993/ 1413.

Khwānsārī Najafī, Mūsā. Risālah fī Qāʿida Nafy al-Żarar. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-Muḥammadīya, 1954/1373.

Kulīnī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. al-Kāfī. Qum: Dār al-Ḥadīth. 1987/1407.

Madadī Mūsawī, Sayyid Maḥmūd. Dars-i Khārij Uṣūl. 2015/1394.

Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhīyah. Qum: Madrisa al-Imām ʿAlī ibn Abī  Ṭālib (AS). 1951/1370.

Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Buḥūth al-Fiqhīyah (Makārim), Qum: Intishārāt Madrisa al-Imām ʿAlī ibn Abī  Ṭālib (AS), Chāp-i Awwal, 2002/1380.

Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Tafsīr-i  Numūnah. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya. 1975/1353.

Malikī Isfahānī, Mujtabā. Farhang Iṣṭilāḥāt Uṣūl. Qum: ʻAlamah, 2001/1379.

Maʿlūf, Luwīs. al-Munjid fī al-Lugha al-ʿArabīya. Tehran: Dhawil al-Qurbā. 1961/1380.

Marʿī, Ḥusayn ʿAbd Allāh.   al-Qāmūs al-Fiqhī. Beirut: Dār al-Mujtabā. 1993/1413.

Marūjī, ʻAlī. Tamhīd al-Wasāʾil fī Sharḥ al-Rasāʾil. Qum: Madrisa al-Imām ʿAlī ibn Abī  Ṭālib (AS). 1990/1410.

Mīrzā-yi Qumī, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Muḥammad Ḥasan. Ghanāʾim al-Ayyām fī Masāʾil al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1996/1417.

Muḥaqqiq Dāmād, Muṣṭafā. Qawāʾid Fiqh: Bakh Madanī. Tehran: Samt. 2002/1380.

Murawij, Ḥusayn. Iṣṭilāḥāt Fiqhī. Qum: Bakhshāyish. 1960/1379.

Mūsawī, Jazāyrī, Sayyid Muḥammad ʻAlī. Dars-i Khārij Uṣūl, Ijtimāʻ Amr va Nahy; Khuṣūṣīyāt-i Qiyd Mandūḥa. 2019/1397.

Muṣṭafavī, Muḥammad Kāẓim. al-Qawāʾid al-Fiqhīyah. Qum: al-Markaz al-ʿĀlamī  li-l-Dirāsāt al-Islāmīyya. 2005/1384.

Muṣṭafavī, Sayyid Kāẓim. Dars-i Khārij Uṣūl: Ijtimāʻ Amr va Nahy. 2014/1393.

Muṣṭafavī, Sayyid Kāẓim. Dars-i Khārij Uṣūl: Qawāʾid-yi Ishtighāl yā Baḥth Shubahāt. 2017/1395.

Nāʾīnī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Ajwad al-Taqrīrāt. Ed. Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim Khūʾī. Qum: Kitābfurūshī Muṣṭafāvī, 1973/1352.

Narāqī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Mahdī. Mustanad al-Shīʻa fī Aḥkām al-Sharīʻa. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). 1995/1415.

Pūrṣidqī, Riżā. “Iʿtibārsanjī  Khūf Ḥaraj dar Jawāz Siqṭ Darmānī”, Fiqh. Durih-yi 29, no. 110, Tīr 2023/1401, 74-96.

Qulīzādah, Aḥmad. Vāzhahshināsī Iṣṭilāḥāt Uṣūl Fiqh. Tehran: Bunyād-i Pazhūhish-hā-yi ʻIlmī Farhangī Nūr al-Aṣfīyāʾ. 2001/1379.

Rāghib Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn  ibn Muḥammad. Tarjumah wa Taḥqīq Mufradāt al-Alfāẓ Qurān bā Tafsīr Lughawī wa Adabī Qurān. Translated by Ghulām Riżā Khusravī Ḥusaynī. Tehran:  Murtażawī. 1996/1374.

Rashīdpūrāyī, Rūʾyā et al. “Barrisī Qavānīyn va Muqararāt Siqṭ-i Janīn dar Irān va Urūpā  dar Hamihgīrī Covid 19”, Majallih-yi  Arak University of Medical Sciences. Durih-yi 23, no.5, Āzar va Diy 2021/1399, 697-686.

Rifāʿī, ʿAbd  Jabār. Muḥāḍarāt fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh; Sharḥ al-Ḥalqa al-Thānīya Qum: Mūʾassisa Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, 2000/1421.   

Riżāyī, Mahdīyih. Kārburd Qawāʿid Fiqhī dar Ravābiṭ Zūjiyn. Qum: Jāmiʿah al-Zahrā. 2022/1400.

Rūḥānī, Muḥammad Ṣādiq. al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhīyah: Muntaqī al-Uṣūl. Qum: Chāpkhānah-yi Amīr, 1993/1413.

Sabzawārī, ʿAbd  al-Aʿlā . Tahdhīb al-Uṣūl.  Qum: al-Minār. S.d.

Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir. Buḥūth fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Qum: Mūʾassisa Dāyrah al-Maʿārif-i al-Fiqh-i al-Islāmī. 1996/1417.

Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir. Jawāhir al-Uṣūl. Beirut: Dār al-Taʻāruf. 1995/1415.   

Ṣāḥib Jawāhir, Muḥammad Ḥasan ibn Bāqir. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāyʿ al-Islām.  Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī, 1984/1404.

Sajjādī Amīn, Mahdī. “Tabyīn Mabānī Fiqhī Mūʾathir dar Taṭbīq Qāʿidah-yi Nafy ʻUsr va Ḥaraj bar Masāʾil Fiqhī Khānivādah”, Muṭāliʻāt Jinsīyat va Khānivādih. Yr. 3, no. 2, autumn and winter 2020/1399, 33-61.

Sayfī, ʻAlī Akbar. Mabānī al-Fiqh al-Faʿāl fī al-Qawāʾid al-Fiqhīyah al-Asāsīya. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 2004/1425.

Sayyid Ashrafī, Ḥasan. Nihāya al-Ayṣāl: Sharḥ Fārsī Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Qum: Quds. 2007/1385.

Shāhīnfard, Khāṭirah et al. “Shumūlpazīrī Qāʿidah-yi lā-Ḥaraj Nasbat bi Ḥaraj-hā-yi Ghiyr Jismānī va Payāmad-hā-yi Fiqhī ān”, Faṣlnāmih-yi Fiqh Pizishkī. Durih-yi 8, no. 26-27, spring and summer  2017/1395, 225-255.

Shīrāzī, ʿAbd Allāh. al-ʿUmda al-Wasāʾil fī al-Ḥāsīyah ʻalā al-Rasāʾil. Mashhad:   Mūʾassisa Amīr al-Muʾminīn li-l- Shuʾūn al-ʻIlmīyya wa al-Khiyrīyya. 2006/1427.

Shīrāzī, ʻAlī. Taʿlīqa ʻalā Farāʾid al-ʿUṣūl. Qum: Muʾallif. 1950/1328.

Shubbar Ḥusaynī, ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad. al-ʿAmal al-Abqā fī Sharḥ al-ʿUrwa  al-Wuthqā. Najaf: Maṭbaʻa al-Najaf. 1964/1383.

Sīstānī, ʿAlī. Qāʿidah lā Żarar wa lā Żirār. Qum: Daftar-i Āyat Allāh Sīstānī. 1994/1414.

Subḥānī Tabrīzī, Jaʻfar. al-Maḥṣūl fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Imām Ṣādiq(AS). 1994/1414. 

Subḥānī Tabrīzī, Jaʻfar. al-Rasāʾil al-Arbaʿ. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Imām Ṣādiq(AS). 1995/1415. 

Surūr, Ibrāḥīm Ḥusayn. al-Muʻjam al-Shāmil li-Muṣṭalaḥāt al-ʻIlmīyya wa Dīnīyah. Beirut: Dār al-Hādī. 2008/1429.

Sutūdih, Ḥamīd,  Abū al-Qāsim Muqīmī Ḥājī. “ Siqṭ Darmānī; Taʾamulāt Fiqhī va Sīyāsatguzārī Taqnīnī”, Muṭāliʻāt Rāhburdī Zanān. Durih-yi 22, no. 88, summer 2021/1399, 79-119.

Tabrīzī, Mīrzā Mūsā. Farāʾid al-Uṣūl maʿa Ḥawāshī Awthaq al-Wasāʾil. Qum: Samāʾ Qalam. 1968/1388.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Tahdhīb  al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqniʿa. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīya, 1986/1365.

Vilāyī, ʻĪsā. Farhang Tashrīḥī Iṣṭilāḥāt Uṣūl. Tehran: Niy. 2009/1387.

Zāriʿī Sabzawārī, ʻAbbās ʿAlī. al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhīyah fī Fiqh al-Imāmīya. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 2009/1430.