Understanding the Expression of “Qażīya fī Wāqiʿa” and Debunking Related Doubts

Document Type : Original Article

Author

• Mohammad Zendehdel

Senior Professor, Seminary of Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran

10.22067/jfiqh.2022.76437.1362

Abstract

One of the expressions cited in jurisprudential books for understanding and validity of hadiths is the term “Qażīya fī Wāqiʿa”, based on which the jurists consider some specific hadiths as Unathority for deriving general rulings.  A number of references are made in the works of early jurisconsults that refer to some aspects of this term. The present study, carried out using the descriptive-analytical method and through library research, will first analyze the meaning, application, and implications of “Qażīya fī Wāqiʿa”, and then debunk the errors related to the term. The components of “Qażīya fī Wāqiʿa” include the indication of a ḥadīth regarding the actions of the Maʿṣūm (infallible), the narration of action by the Maʿṣūm (infallible), the lack of intent for legalization and the narration of action, and the inability to reconcile with common understanding. The issuance of Actual Sunnah in response to a narrator’s question, and the narrator mentioning the continuation of Actual Sunnah by the Maʿṣūm (infallible) are some of the indications revealing that the Actual Sunnah was made with the intent of legalizing (Tashrīʿ) and clarifying a legal ruling.

Keywords

• Qażīya fī Wāqiʿa
• the Maʿṣūm (infallible)’s action
• Narration of Actual Sunnah
• General legal ruling

Main Subjects

• Principles of jurisprudence

---

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

References

Ābī, Ḥasan ibn Abī  Ṭālib. Kashf al-Rumūz. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Sivum, 1996/1417.

Āl Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ, Ḥasan ibn Jaʻfar. Anwār al-Faqāhah: Kitāb al-Ḥajj. Najaf: Mūʾassisa Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ. Chāp-i Awwal, 2001/1422.

Āl ʻUṣfūr, Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad. al-Anwār al-Lawāmiʻ fī Sharḥ Mafātīḥ Sharāʾiʿ. Qum: Majmaʻ Buḥūth al-ʿIlmīyya. Chāp-i Awwal, s.d.

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Muntahā al-Maṭlab fī Taḥqīq al-Madhhab. Mashhad: Majmaʻ Buḥūth al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Awwal, 1992/1412.

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Tadhkara al-Fuqahāʾ. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 1994/1414.

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. Taḥrīr al-Aḥkām al-Sharʿīyah. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Imām Ṣādiq(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 1999/1420.

ʻĀmulī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan ibn Zayn al-Dīn. Istiqṣāʾ al-Iʿtibār fī Sharḥ al-Istibṣār. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 1998/1419.

ʻĀmulī, Muḥammad Taqī. Miṣbāḥ  al-Hudā fī Sharḥ-i al-ʿUrwa  al-Wuthqā. Tehran: Muʾallif. Chāp-i Awwal, 1961/1380.

Anṣārī, Murtaḍā ibn Muḥammad Amīn. Kitāb al-Khums. Qum: Kungirah. Chāp-i Awwal, 1995/1415.

Arākī, Muḥammad ʿAlī. Kitāb-i al-Bayʿ. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi dar Rāh Ḥaqq, Chāp-i  Awwal. 1995/1415.

Āshtiyānī, Muḥammad Hasan ibn Jaʻfar. Kitāb al-Qaḍāʾ. Qum: Zuhayr. Chāp-i Awwal, 2004/1425.

Āshtiyānī, Muḥammad Hasan ibn Jaʻfar. Risāla fī al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhīyah. Tehran: Iṭilāʻāt. Chāp-i Awwal, 1997/1418.

Bahbahānī, Maḥmūd  ibn Muḥammad. Risālah fī Ghināʾ. Qum: Mirṣād. Chāp-i Awwal, 1997/1418.

Bahbahānī, Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muḥammad Akmal. Ḥāshīya  al-Wāfī. Qum: Mūʾassisa Waḥīd Bahbahānī. Chāp-i Awwal, 2005/1426.

Baḥrānī, Yūsuf ibn Aḥmad. Ḥadāʾiq al-Nāḍira fī Aḥkām al-ʿItra Ṭāḥira. Qum:  Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1985/1405.

Fāḍil Miqdād, Miqdād ibn ʿAbd Allāh. al-Tanqīḥ al-Rāʾiʿ fī Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʿ. Qum: Kitābkhānah-yi Āyat Allāh Marʻashī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1984/1404.

Fāḍil Miqdād, Miqdād ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Naḍd al-Qawāʾid al-Fiqhīyah. Qum: Kitābkhānah-yi Āyat Allāh Marʻashī.  Chāp-i Awwal, 1983/1403.

Farāhīdī, Khalīl. al-ʻAyn. Qum: Hijrat. Chāp-i Duwūm, 1990/1410.

Fayyāḍ, Muḥammad Isḥāq. Taʿālīq Mabsūṭa ʻalā al-ʿUrwa . Qum: Maḥalātī. Chāp-i Awwal,  S.d

Fāżil Lankarānī, Muḥammad. Tafṣīl al-Sharīʻa fī Sharḥ Taḥrīr al-Wasīla: al-Qaḍāʾ wa al-Shahādāt. Qum: Muʾallif. Chāp-i Awwal, 2007/1428.

Fiyḍ Kāshānī, Muḥsin. Naqd al-ʿUṣūl al-Fiqhīyah. Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Chāp-i Awwal, 2002/1380.

Gulpāygānī, Muḥammad Riḍā. al-Durr al-Manḍūd fī Aḥkām al-Ḥudūd. Qum: Dār al-Qurān al-Karīm. Chāp-i Awwal, 1992/1412.

Gurjī, ʿAlī. Qaḍīya fī Wāqaʿa. Qum: Majalih-yi Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī. no. 27-28, 2002/1380, 188-240.

Ḥāʾirī, Murtaḍā. Sharḥ-i al-ʿUrwa  al-Wuthqā. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i  Awwal. 2005/1426.

Ḥakīm, Muḥsin. Mustamsak al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqā. Qum: Dār al-Tafsīr. Chāp-i Awwal, 1995/1416.

Ḥakīm, Muḥsin. Nahj al-Faqāha. Qum: 22 Bahman, Chāp-i Awwal, s.d.

Hamadānī, Riżā. Miṣbāḥ al-Faqīh. Qum: Mūʾassisa Jaʻfarīya li-Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth. Chāp-i Awwal, 1996/1416.

Ḥillī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Īḍāḥ Fawāʾid fī Sharḥ Mushkilāt al-Qawāʿid. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān. 1967/1387.

Ḥurr ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Wasāʾil al-Shīʻa. Qum: Āl al-Bayt. Chāp-i  Awwal.  1989/1409.

Ḥusaynī ʻĀmulī, Muḥammad Javād ibn Muḥammad. Miftāḥ al-Karāmah fī Sharḥ Qawāʿid ʿAllāma. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Duvum, 1998/1419.

Ibn Fahd Ḥillī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. al-Muhadhdhab al-Bāriʻ fī Sharḥ al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʿ. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1987/1407.

Ibn Fahd Ḥillī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. al-Muqtaṣar fī Sharḥ al-Mukhtaṣar. Mashhad: Majmaʻ Buḥūth al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Awwal, 1990/1410.

Ibn Idrīs, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. al-Sarāʾir al- Ḥāwī li-Taḥrīr al-Fatāwī. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1990/1410.

Ibn Shahīd Thānī, Ḥasan ibn Zayn al-Dīn. Maʿālim al-Dīn wa Malādh al-Mujtahidīn.Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Imām Ṣādiq(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 2004/1424.

Imāmī Khuwānsārī, Muḥammad.  Tasdīd al-Qawāʿid. Tehran: Muḥammad Qawānīnī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1973/1352.

Iṣfahānī, Muḥammad Taqī. Tabṣira al-Fuqahāʾ. Qum: Majmʻ  al-Dhakhāʾir al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Awwal, 2006/1427.

Karbāsī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm  ibn Muḥammad Ḥasan. Ashārāt al-Uṣūl. s.l. Muʾallif. Chāp-i Awwal, s.d.

Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ, ʿAlī  ibn Muḥammad Riḍā. al-Nūr al-Sāṭiʿ fī al-Fiqh al-Nāfiʿ. Najaf: al-Ādāb. Chāp-i Awwal, 1962/1381.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Miṣbāḥ al-Faqāhah. s.l. s.n. s.d.

Khuwānsārī, Aḥmad. Jāmiʿ al-Madārik fī Sharḥ al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʿ. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān. Chāp-i Duwwum,1985/1405.

Kulīnī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. al-Kāfī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i  Chāhārum. 1987/1407.

Lārī, ʻAbd Ḥusayn. al-Taʿlīqa ʻalā Riyāḍ al-Masāʾil. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Awwal, 1997/1418.

Māmaqānī, ʻAbd Allah. Ḥāsīyah ʻalā Risālah fī al-Taqīya. Qum: Majmʻ  al-Dhakhāʾir al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Awwal, 1931/1350.

Māmaqānī, ʻAbd Allah. Nihāya al-Maqāl. Qum: Majmʻ  al-Dhakhāʾir al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Awwal, 1931/1350.

Marʻashī, Shahāb al-Dīn. al-Qaṣāṣ ʻalā Ḍawʾ al-Qurān wa al-Sunna. Qum: Kitābkhānah-yi Āyat Allāh Marʻashī.  Chāp-i Awwal, 1995/1415.

Maʻrifat, Muḥammad Hādī. Taʿlīq wa Taḥqīq ʿan Umahāt Masāʾil al-Qaḍāʾ. Qum: Chāpkhānah-yi Mihr. Chāp-i Awwal, s.d.

Muḥaqqiq Dāmād, Muḥammad. Kitāb al-Ṣalāt. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1996/1416.

Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī, Jaʻfar  ibn Hasan. Al-Rasā ʾil al-Tisʻ. Qum: Kitābkhānah-yi Āyat Allāh Marʻashī.  Chāp-i Awwal, 1993/1413.

Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī, Jaʻfar  ibn Hasan. Nukat al-Niḥāya. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal,  1992/1412.

Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī. Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʿ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīya.  Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Maṭbūʻāt al-Dīnīya. Chāp-i Shishum, 1997/1418.

Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī. Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. Sharāyʿ al-Islām fī Masāʾil al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1988/1408.

Muqaddas Ardabīlī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. al-Risāla al-Ūlā fī al-Kharāj. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1993/1413.

Muqaddas Ardabīlī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. Majmaʻ al-Fāʾida wa al-Burhān. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1983/1403.

Murtaḍā Zabīdī, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Tāj al-ʿArūs. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr. Chāp-i Awwal, 1993/1414.

Muẓaffar, Muḥammad Riḍā. Uṣūl  al-Fiqh. Qum: Dār al-Tafsīr. Chāp-i Panjum, 1962/1381.

Nāʾīnī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Kitāb al-Ṣalāt. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1991/1411.

Najafābādī, Ḥusayn. Dirāsāt fī al-Makāsib al-Muḥarramah. Qum: Tafakur. Chāp-i Awwal,  1995/1415.

Narāqī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Mahdī. ʿ Awāʾid al-Ayām. Qum: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal,  1997/1375.

Narāqī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Mahdī. Mustanad al-Shīʻa.  Qum: Āl al-Bayt. Chāp-i Awwal, 1995/1415.

Narāqī, Mahdī  ibn Abīzar. Anīs al-Mujtahidīn fī ʻIlm Uṣūl. Qum: Būstān-i Kitāb.  Chāp-i Awwal, 1969/1388.

Nūrī, Ḥusayn. Mustadrak al-Wasāʾil. Beirut:: Āl al-Bayt(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 1988/1408.

Qazwīnī, Ibrāhīm  ibn Muḥammad Bāqir. Ḍawābiṭ al-ʿUṣūl. Qum: Muʾallif.  Chāp-i Awwal, 1952/1371.

Qazwīnī, Ibrāhīm  ibn Muḥammad Bāqir. Natāʾij al-Afkār. Bambaʾī: Muʾallif. Chāp-i Awwal, 1842/1258.

Qazwīnī, Ibrāhīm  ibn Muḥammad Bāqir. Yanābīʿ al-Aḥkām. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī.  Chāp-i Awwal, 2003/1424.

Qumī, Abū al-Qāsim. Qawānīn al-Uṣūl. Tehran:  Maktaba al-ʿIlmīyya al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Duvvum, 1959/1378.

Qumī, Abū al-Qāsim. Rasāʾil. Qum: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī Khurāsān. Chāp-i Awwal,  2006/1427.

Qurān-i Karīm

Raḥīmī, Ḥabīb Allāh; Ṭaraf, Fāṭimah. “Tabyīn Iṣṭilāḥ Fiqhī Qaḍīya fī Wāqaʿa az Manẓar Qaḍāyā-y Manṭiqī”, Muṭāliʻāt Fiqh-i Islāmī. no. 42, 2021/1399, 169-189.

Rashtī, Ḥabīb Allāh. Kitāb al-Qaḍāʾ. Qum: Dār Qurān al-Karīm. Chāp-i Awwal, 1981/1401.

Sabzawārī, ʿAbd  al-Aʿlā. Tahdhīb al-Uṣūl. Qum: al-Minār. Chāp-i Duwwum, s.d.

Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir. Durūs fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, Chāp-i Hashtum, 2009/1430.

Ṣadr, Riżā. al-Ijtihād wa al-Taqlīd. Qum: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī.  Chāp-i Awwal,  1999/1420.

Ṣāḥib Jawāhir. Muḥammad Ḥasan ibn Bāqir. Jawāhir al-Kalām. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī, Chāp-i Haftum,  1984/1404.

Ṣaymarī, Mufliḥ ibn Ḥasan. Ghāyat al-Marām. Beirut: Dār al-Hādī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1999/1420.

Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. al-Durūs al-Sharʿīyah fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyah. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1996/1417.

Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. al-Qawāʾid wa al-Fawāʾid fī al-Fiqh wa al-Uṣūl wa al- ʿArabīyya. Qum: Kitābfurūshī Mufīd. Chāp-i Awwal, s.d.

Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. Dhikrā al-Shīʿa. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 1998/1419.

Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī.  al-Rawḍa al-Bahīya fī Sharḥ al-Lumʿah al-Dimashqīyah. Qum: Kitābfurūshī Dāwarī. Chāp-i Awwal,  1990/1410.

Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī.  Masālik al-Afhām. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Maʿārif  al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Awwal,  1993/1413.

Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī.  Rasāʾil. Qum: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 2001/1421.

Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī. Ḥāshīya al-Irshād. Qum: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1994/1414.

Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī. Ḥāshīya al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʿ. Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 2001/1422.

Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī. Tamhīd al-Qawāʾid al-Uṣūlīya wa al-ʿArabīya. Qum: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1995/1416.

Shīrāzī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. Taqrīrāt fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Qum: al-Lajna al-ʻIlmīyya li-l-Mūʾ tamar. Chāp-i Awwal, 1997/1418.

Ṭabarsī. Faḍl ibn Ḥasan. al-Muʾtalaf min al-Mukhtalaf. Mashhad: Majmaʻ Buḥūth al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Awwal, 1990/1410.

Ṭabāṭabāyī Ḥakīm, Muḥammad Saʿīd. al-Tanqīḥ. Beirut: Mūʾassisa al-Ḥikmat al-Thaqāfa al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Awwal, 2010/1431.

Ṭabāṭabāyī Ḥakīm, Muḥammad Saʿīd. Miṣbāḥ al-Minhāj: Kitāb al-Ṭahāra. Qum: al-Minār. Chāp-i Awwal, s.d.

Ṭabāṭabāyī Yazdī, Muḥammad Kāẓim. al-ʿUrwa  al-Wuthqā. Beirut: Aʻlamī. Chāp-i Duwwum,  1989/1409.

Ṭabāṭabāyī Yazdī, Muḥammad Kāẓim. Ḥāshīya al-Makāsib. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān. Chāp-i Duwwum,  2000/1421.

Ṭabāṭabāyī, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. al-Sharḥ  al-Ṣaghīr  fī Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʿ. Qum: Kitābkhānah-yi Āyat Allāh Marʻashī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1989/1409.

Ṭabāṭabāyī, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. Rīyāḍ al-Msāʾil. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 1997/1418.

Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. al-Manāhil. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, s.d.

Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. Mafātīḥ al-Uṣūl. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 1878/1296.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Istibṣār. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Awwal, 1970/1390.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Khilāf. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, Chāp-i Awwal, 1987/1407.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyah. Tehran:  al-Maktaba Murtażawīya. Chāp-i Sivum, 1968/1387.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Nihāya. Beirut:  Dār al-Kitāb al-ʻArabī. Chāp-i Duvum, 1980/1400.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Tahdhīb  al-Aḥkām. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Chāhārum, 1987/1407.