Analyzing the Urgency of the Right of “shufʿa” in Shīʿa and Sunnī Jurisprudence

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Mahdi Movahedi Moheb ¹
• Hasan Pourlotfollah ²

¹ Associate Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

² PhD Graduate, Department of Jurisprudence and Foundations of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

10.22067/jfiqh.2023.76846.1473

Abstract

The urgency of retaining the right of Shufʿa is disputed in Islamic jurisprudence. prominent Imāmī jurisconsults and the majority of Sunnī jurisconsults consider that unjustified delay in exercising the right of Shufʿa leads to the abdication of this right. Contrastively, there is the viewpoint of absolutely no time limited, which holds that the right of Shufʿa is effective until it is relinquished. This view has prominent advocates among Shīʿa and Sunnī. Another group of scholars exclusively believe in the urgency of this right and a group has come to a failure in combining opinions. The preferred view accepts the evidence supporting the temporal expansiveness of the right of Shufʿa, but leaves the determination of its limits to custom and traditional practice. This means that if some time passes from the initial moment of entitlement that customarily and traditionally indicates the Shafīʿ does not intend to claim their right of Shufʿa, their right is lost. The present study employes the descriptive-analytical method and analyzes and critiques the existing views and opinions. In the end, the aforementioned opinion based on evidence and indications is considered defensible, and the famous opinion of considering urgency for the right of Shufʿa (which has entered the Civil Code as well, as Article 821) is deemed flawed from several aspects. The selected view considers customary practice (ʿurf) to be the criteria for the ending of the period in which the right can be exercised (similar to the widely accepted opinion), according to the selected view the default assumption is the continuation of the right of Shufʿa. However, it is the buyer’s responsibility to prove its invalidation, and the widely accepted opinion holds that after a period of time in which the right can be typically exercised, the right is lost and it’s the Shafīʿ’s responsibility to prove the validity of excuse and continue the right.

Keywords

• Excercizing Shufʿa
• Entitlement to Shufʿa
• The loss of Right
• The share of Mashāʿ
• Shafi
• Urgency of Shufʿa

Main Subjects

• Civil jurisprudence

---

References

Ābī, Ḥasan ibn Abī  Ṭālib. Kashf al-Rumūz. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Sivum, 1996/1417.

ʻAlam al-Hudā, ʻAlī  ibn Ḥusayn.  al-Intiṣār. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Duvum, 1995/1415.

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Mukhtalif al-Shīʿa. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Duvum, 1993/1413.

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Tadhkara al-Fuqahāʾ. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 1994/1414.

Anṣārī, Murtaḍā ibn Muḥammad Amīn. al-Farāʾid al-ʿUṣūl. Qum: Majmʻ al-Fikr al-Islāmī. 2007/1428.

Anṣārī, Murtaḍā ibn Muḥammad Amīn. al-Makāsib.  Qum: Dār  al-Dhakhāʾir. Chāp-i Awwal, 1991/1411.

Aṣgharī āq Mashhadī, Fakhr al-Dīn. “Sharāyt Akhz bi Shufʿah dar Ḥuqūq Mawḍūʿah Irān va Fiqh Imāmīyih”, Nashrīyh-yi Pazhūhishnāmah-yi Ḥuqūq va ʿUlum Sīyāsī. yr. 1, no. 2-3, autumn 2007/1385, 37-54.

Baḥrānī, Yūsuf ibn Aḥmad. Ḥadāʾiq al-Nāḍira. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1985/1405.

Barzī, Vadūd. “Sharāyt va Āsār-i Akhz bi Shufʿah dar Fiqh va Ḥuqūq Irān”, Nashrīyh-yi Fiqh va Mabānī Ḥuqūq Islāmī Islamic Azad University. No. 1, spring 2014/1392, 9-26.

Bujnūrdī, Ḥasan. al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhīya. Qum: al-Hādī. Chāp-i Awwal,  1998/1419.

Fāḍil Miqdād, Miqdād ibn ʿAbd Allāh. al-Tanqīḥ al-Rāʾiʿ. Qum: Āyat Allāh Marʻashī.  Chāp-i Awwal, 1984/1404.

Fakhr  al-Muḥaqiqīn, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Īḍāḥ al-Fawāʾid. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān. Chāp-i Awwal, 1967/1387.

Fiyḍ Kāshānī, Muḥsin. Mafātīḥ Sharāʾiʿ. Qum: Āyat Allāh Marʻashī.  Chāp-i Awwal, s.d.

Ḥalabī, Abū al-Ṣalāḥ. al-Kāfī. Isfahān:  Kitābkhānah-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn)AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 1983/1403.

Ḥurr ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Wasāʾil al-Shīʻa. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 1989/1409.

Ibn  Qudāmah Maqdisī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad. al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr ʿalā Matn al-Muqniʿ. s.l. Dār al-Kitāb al-ʻArabī, s.d.

Ibn  Qudāmah, ʻAbd Allāh  ibn Aḥmad. al-Mughnī. Cairo: Maktaba al-Qāhirah. 1969/1388.

Ibn Fahd Ḥillī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. al-Muhadhdhab al-Bāriʻ. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1987/1407.

Ibn Mājah, Muḥammad ibn Yazīd. al-Sunan Ibn Mājah. s.l. Dār Iḥyāʾ  al-Kutub al-ʻArabīya. s.d.

Ibn Mulaqqin, ʿUmar ibn ʿAlī. al-Badr al-Munīr. Riyāḍ: Dār al-Hijrah. 2004/1425.

Ibn Rushd, Muḥammad  ibn Aḥmad. Bidāyah al-Mujtahid wa Nihāyat al-Muqtaṣid. Cairo: Dār  al-Ḥadīth. 2004/1425.

Ibn Zuhrah, Ḥamazat ibn ʿAlī. Ghunya al-Nuzūʿ. Qum: Imām Ṣādiq (AS). Chāp-i Awwal,  1996/1417.

Kazāzī, ʿAlī. Sharḥ Tabṣira al-Mutaʿallimīn. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal,  1994/1414.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. Qum: Madīnah al-ʻIlm. 1990/1410.

Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah. Qum: Dār al-ʻIlm. Chāp-i Awwal, s.d.

Khuwānsārī, Aḥmad. Jāmiʿ al-Madārik. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1985/1405.

Mishkīnī Ardabīlī, ʿAlī. Iṣṭilāḥāt al-Uṣūl. Qum: al-Hādī. Chāp-i Dahum, 008/1386.

Muḥaqqiq Dāmād, Sayyid Muṣṭafā. Īqāʻ Akhz bi Shufʿah. Tehran: ʿUlum-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal,  2005/1384.

Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī. Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān. Chāp-i Duvvum, 1988/1408.

Muḥaqqiq Karakī, ʿAlī ibn Ḥusayn. Jāmiʿ  al-Maqāṣid. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). Chāp-i Duwwum,  1994/1414.

Muqaddas Ardabīlī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. Majmaʻ al-Fāʾida wa al-Burhān. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1983/1403.

Muẓaffar, Muḥammad Riḍā. Uṣūl  al-Fiqh. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān.  Chāp-i Panjum,  2008/1386.

Nāʾīnī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Munya al-Ṭālib. Muqarr Mūsā Khuwānsārī. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-Muḥammadīya. Chāp-i Awwal, 1994/1373.

Nawawī, Yaḥyā  ibn Sharaf. Al-Majmūʻ fī Sharḥ al-Muhadhdhab. Qum: Dār al-Fikr. s.d.

Qānūn-i Madanī Irān. bā Ākharīn Iṣlāḥāt bi Kūshish Jahāngīr Manṣūr. Tehran: Davrān. s.d.

Qumī, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. Jāmiʿ al-Khilāf wa al-Wifāq. Qum: Zamīnihsāzān-i Ẓuhūr. Chāp-i Awwal,  2001/1421.

Rūḥānī, Sayyid Ṣādiq. Fiqh al-Ṣādiq(AS). Qum: Dār al-Kitāb. Chāp-i Awwal, 1992/1412.

Sabzawārī, ʿAbd  al-Aʿlā. al-Muhadhdhab al-Aḥkām. Qum: al-Minār, Chāp-i Chāhārum, 1993/1413.

Ṣafār, Fāḍil. Fiqh al-Maṣāliḥ va al-Mafāsid. Lubnān: Dār ʿUlūm. 2008/1429.

Ṣāḥib Jawāhir. Muḥammad Ḥasan ibn Bāqir. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾal-Tūrāth.  Chāp-i Haftum, 1984/1404.

Sarakhsī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. al-Mabsūṭ. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa. 1994/1414.

Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. al-Durūs al-Sharʿīyah. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1996/1417.

Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. Ghāyat al-Murād. Qum: Daftar-i Tablīghāt. Chāp-i Awwal, 1994/1414.

Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī.  al-Rawḍa al-Bahīya. Qum: Kitābfurūshī Dāwarī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1990/1410.

Shawkānī, Muḥammad. Nayl al-Awṭār. Miṣr: Dār  al-Ḥadīth. 1993/1413.

Sulṭānpūr, Ṣādiq. “Barrisī Taṭbīqī Ḥaq Shufʿah dar Fiqh Ahl-i Sunat va Ḥuqūq Irān”, Nashrīyih-yi Muṭāliʻāt ʿUlum Sīyāsī, Ḥuqūq va Fiqh. yr. 2, no. 3, autumn 2017/1395, 236-243.

Ṭabāṭabāyī, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. Rīyāḍ Masāʾil. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 1997/1418.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Khilāf. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1987/1407.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Mabsūṭ. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-Murtażawīya. Chāp-i Sivum, 1968/1387.

Vilāyī, ʻĪsā. Jarāym va Mujāzāt-hā dar Islām. Tehran: Majd. Chāp-i Awwal, 2012/1391.