A Critical Analysis of the Concept of Jurisprudential Justice as Second Nature (Malakih)

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Principles, Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Justice is a prevailing reality in all dimensions of human life, conceptualized in different fields of knowledge including jurisprudence. Jurisconsults have presented various definitions of justice, the most importance of which is the definition of justice as a second nature (malakih). The present study clarifies the definitions of justice provided in jurisprudence, and follows the hypothesis that none of these definitions truly capture the meaning of justice. Some of the definitions indicate and discover the existence of justice, and second nature cannot be accepted as a definition of justice either, due to some shortcomings. In fact, justice is an existential reality derived from Right (ḥaq), both of which are parts of innate human necessities and can be proven by reference to human nature. Performing the obligatory acts (vājibāt) and avoiding prohibited acts (muarramāt) leads to the realization of justice. It is not that justice is a second nature that emerges from performing obligatory acts and avoiding prohibited ones. This study is necessary, because elucidating the reality of jurisprudential justice yields scientific benefits in the least.

Keywords

Main Subjects


©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Mukhtalif al-Shīʿa fī al-Aḥkām al-Sharīʻa. ed. Gurūh-i Pazhūhish Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī. s.l. s.n. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1993/1413.
Anṣārī, Murtaḍā ibn Muḥammad Amīn. al-Makāsib. Qum: Dhakhāʾir. Chāp-i Awwal, 1991/1411.
Anṣārī, Murtaḍā ibn Muḥammad Amīn. Rasāʾil Fiqhīya. Qum: Majmaʻ al-Fikr al-Islāmī. 1994/1414.
Fāḍil Hindī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Kashf  al-Lithām ʿan Qawāʾid al-Aḥkām. Qum: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1995/1416.
Fāḍil Miqdād, Miqdād ibn ʿAbd Allāh. al-Tanqīḥ al-Rāʾiʿ li-Mukhtaṣar al-Sharāʾiʻ. Qum: Kitābkhānah-yi Āyat Allāh Marʻashī.  Chāp-i Awwal, 1984/1404.
Farāhīdī, Khalīl ibn Aḥmad. al-ʻAyn. Qum: Hijrat. researched by Maḥdī Makhzūmī va Ibrāḥīm  Sāmarrāī. Chāp-i Duvūm, 1990/1410.
Ḥakīm, Muḥammad Saʿīd. al-Muḥkam fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh. s.l. s.n. 1997/1376.
Ḥalabī, Abū al-Ṣalāḥ. al-Kāfī fī al-Fiqh. Isfahān: Maktaba al-Imām Amīr al-Muʾminīn)AS). 1983/1403.
Ḥusaynī ʻĀmulī, Muḥammad Javād ibn Muḥammad. Miftāḥ al-Karāmah. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī. s.d.
Ḥusaynī ʻĀmulī, Muḥammad Javād ibn Muḥammad. Miftāḥ al-Karāmah. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 2001/1422.
Ibn  Ḥamzih, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. al-Wasīlah ilā Niyl al-Faīlah. Qum: Chāpkhānih-yi Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī al-Najafī. 1988/1408.
Ibn Barrāj, ʿAbd ʿAzīz ibn Niḥrīr. al-Muhadhdhab. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1986/1406.
Ibn Fāris, Aḥmad ibn Fāris. Muʿjam  Maqāyīs al-Lugha. researched by Muḥammad ʻAbd al-Salām. Qum: Maktab al-Iʻlām al-Islāmī. 1984/1404.
Ibn Idrīs, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. al-Sarāʾir al-āwī li-Taḥrīr al-Fatāwī. Qum: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1990/1410.
Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram. Lisān al-ʿArab. Qum: Adab-i Ḥawzah. 1985/1405.
Ibn Sīnā, Ḥusayn ibn ʻAbd Allāh. al-Ilāhīyāt min al-Shifāʾ  maʿa al-Taʿlīqāt Ṣadr al-Mutaʾallahīn. Qum: Bīdār. S.d.
Jamʻī az Nivīsandigān. Sharḥ-i Mashhad: Āstān-i Quds-i Rażavī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1995/1415.
Javādī Āmūlī, ʿAbd Allāh.  Āfāq-i Andīshih. s.l. s.n. Chāp-i Awwal,  2010/1389.
Javādī Āmūlī, ʿAbd Allāh. Adab-i Qażā dar Islām. s.l. s.n. Chāp-i Awwal, 2011/1390.   
Jawharī, Ismāʻīl  ibn Ḥammād. al-Ṣiḥā. Beirut: Dār al-ʻIlm. 1979/1399.
Jawharī, Ismāʻīl  ibn Ḥammād. Ṣiḥā al-Lugha. s.l. Amīrī. 1990/1368.
Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. al-Tanqīḥ fī Sharḥ al-ʿUrwa  al-Wuthqā. Muqarr MīrzʿAlī Gharawī. s.n. 1997/1418.
Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Miṣbāḥ al-Faqāhah. Qum: Dāvarī. 1998/1377.
Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muḥammad Taqī. Biḥār al-Anwār. Ed. Jamʻī az Muḥaqiqān. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾal-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī. Chāp-i Duvūm, 1993/1413.
Māmaqānī, ʻAbd Allah. Nihāya al-Maqāl. Qum: Majmʻ  al-Dhakhāʾir al-Islāmīyya. s.d.
Miṣbāḥ Yazdī, Muḥammad Taqī. Ḥuqūq Mutaqābil-i Mardum va Ḥukumat. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Āmūzish va Pazhūhīsh Imām Khumaynī. 2003/1382.
Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. al-Muqniʿa. Qum: s.n. 1993/1413.
Muḥaqqiq Karakī, ʿAlī ibn Ḥusayn. al-Risāla al-Jaʻfarīya. Qum: Maktaba Āyat Allāh Marʻashī. 1989/1409.
Muḥaqqiq Karakī, ʿAlī ibn Ḥusayn. Jāmiʿ  al-Maqāṣid fī Sharḥ al-Qawāʾid. ed. Gurūh-i Pazhūhish Mūʾassisa Āl al-Bayt(AS). Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). 1994/1414.
Muqrī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. al-Miṣbāḥ al-Munīr. Qum: Dār al-Hijrah, 1985/1405.
Murtaā Zabīdī, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Tāj al-ʿArūs. s.l. Dār Hidāya. 1967/1387.
Muṭaharī, Murtaḍā. Firat. s.l. Ṣadrā. Chāp-i Shishum, 1994/1373.
Muṭaharī, Murtaḍā. Majmūʻah Asār. Qum: Ṣadrā. 2011/1390.
Najafī, Zayn ʻĀbidīn. “Mafhūmshināsī Vāzhih-yi Adālat dar Fiqh Imāmīyah”, Insān Pazhūhī Dīnī. Yr. 9, no. 28, 2012/1391, 141-170.
Qurān-i Karīm
Rāghib Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn  ibn Muḥammad. Mufradāt fī Gharīb al-Qurān. s.l. Murtażawīya. 1845/1262.
Rūḥānī, Muḥammad Ṣādiq. Zubda al-Uṣūl. s.l.  Madrisah-yi Imām Ṣādiq (AS). 1992/1412.
Ṣadr al-Dīn Shirāzī. Muḥammad ibn Ibrāḥīm. al-Ḥikmat al-Mutaʿālīya fī al-Asfār al-Arbaʿa. Qum: Muṣṭafawī. 1990/1368.
Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir. Madrisah-yi Islāmī. Translated by Kāẓimī Khalkhālī. Tehran: ʿAṭāyī. 1983/1362.
Ṣāḥib Jawāhir. Muḥammad Ḥasan ibn Bāqir. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāyʿ al-Islām. Qum: Mūʾassisa Dāyrah al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī. 2000/1421.
Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. al-Durūs al-Sharʿīyah fī al-Fiqh al-Imāmīyah. Qum: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī.  1996/1417.
Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. Mausūʿa. Qum: Maktabat al-Aʿlām al-Islāmī, 2009/1430.
Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī.  Rawḍ  al-Jinān fī Sharḥ Irshād al-Adhhān. Qum: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī. 1982/1402.
Suhriwardī, Yaḥyā ibn Ḥabash. al-Mashāriʿ wa al-Muṭāraāt; dar Majmūʻah  Muṣanafāt Shaykh Ishrāq. Ed. Henry Corbin. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Muṭāliʻāt va Taḥqīqāt Farhangī. 1855/1272.
Ṭabāṭabāyī Qumī, Taqī. Thalāth Rasāʾil. Qum: Maḥalātī. s.d.
Ṭabāṭabāyī, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. Rīyāḍ al-Msāʾil. Āl al-Bayt(AS). s.l. s.n. Chāp-i Awwal, 1997/1418.
Ṭabāabāyī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. al-Mīzān. Beirut: al-Aʻlamī. 1991/1411.
Ṭabāabāyī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Nihāya al-Ḥikma. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Duvvum, 1984/1362.
 Ṭabāabāyī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Tafsīr al-Mīzān. Beirut: al-Aʻlamī. 1997/1418.
Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad Kāẓim. Ḥāshīya al-Makāsib. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān. 1959/1378.
Ṭurayḥī, Fakhr al-Dīn ibn Muḥammad. Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn. Tehran: Murtażavī. Chāp-i Duvvum, 1986/1365.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Khilāf. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1996/1417.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Mabsūṭ. Tehran:  Murtażawīya. Chāp-i Sivum, 1968/1387.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Nihāya. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Duvvum, 1996/1417.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Tahdhīb  al-Aḥkām. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya. 1986/1364.
 
 
CAPTCHA Image