Analyzing the Criterion for the Appropriateness of the Ruling and its Subject, and its Distinction from Other Causes of Expanding or Restricting Rulings

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Sajjad Rafsanjani Akbar Abadi ¹
• Mojtaba Masoudi ²

¹ Level Three Graduate, Seminary of Qom, Qom, Iran

² Level Four Graduate, Seminary of Qom, Qom, Iran, And Advanced Level Seminary Professor and Lecturer at Al-Mustafa International University

10.22067/jfiqh.2023.81562.1559

Abstract

One of the challenges faced by jurists when dealing with legal proofs is whether the ruling mentioned in the legal evidence is for a specific case or if it also extends to other similar cases. One of the most important principles of inference (ʾistiẓhār) from legal evidence which is commonly practiced among both Shīʿī and Sunnī jurists is the appropriateness of the ruling and its subject. This principle refers to the customary or rational alignment, coherence, and congruence between the ruling and its subject, derived from their mutual relationship, and it can result in the expansion or restriction of the scope of a legal ruling. However, this principle is not the only criterion of the expansion or restriction of legal rulings. Other causes such as elimination of specificity (ilghāʾ al-khuṣūṣiyyah), refinement of rational (tanqīḥ al-manāṭ), etc. also exist, and must be distinguished from the appropriateness of the ruling and its subject. This study aims to define, explain, present the criterion of this indicator, and distinguish it from other causes of extension and restriction, eventually examining its validity.

Keywords

• appropriateness
• legal ruling
• subject
• extension
• restriction
• appropriateness of the ruling and its subject

Main Subjects

• Principles of jurisprudence

---

References

Qurān-i Karīm

ʿAlī Shāhī Qalʿih Jūqī, Abū al-Fażl, Ardavān Arzhang. “Munāsib Ḥukm va Mawḍūʻ: Kārkird-hā va Sāz va Kār-hā-yi Tashkhīṣ dar Bayān Faqīhān”, Muṭāliʻāt Islāmī: Fiqh va Uṣūl. Yr. 44, no. 91, 2012/1391, 67-86.

ʿAlī Shāhī Qalʿih Jūqī, Abū al-Fażl, Mahdī, Dihqān Sīmkānī. “Kārkird-hā-yi Munāsib Ḥukm va Mawḍūʻ dar Dānish Uṣūl Fiqh ”. Muṭāliʻāt Fiqhī  va Falsafī. Durih-yi 10, no. 39, 2020/1398, 1-20.

ʿAlīdūst, Abū al-Qāsim. Fiqh va ʿUrf. Tehran: Pazhūhishgāh-i Farhang va Andīshih-yi  Islāmī. 2010/1388.

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Tahdhīb al-Wūṣūl ilā ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Landan: Mūʾassisa al-Imām ʿAlī(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 1961/1380.

Bashīr Muḥammad, ʿAbd Allāh. al-Muṣṭalaḥāt al-Uṣūlīya fī Mabāḥith al-Aḥkām wa Alāqatuhā bi-al-Fikr al-Uṣūlī . Imārāt: Dār Buḥūth li-l-Dirāsāt al-Islāmīyya wa Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth. Chāp-i Awwal, 2003/1424.

Dihqān Sīmkānī, Mahdī, Abū al-Fażl ʿAlī Shāhī Qalʿih Jūqī, ʻAbd Allāh   Bahmanpūrī. “Tanāsub Mīyān Ḥukm va Mawḍūʻ bā Nigāhī bi Kārkird Abzārī ʿUrf”. Faṣlnāmah-yi ʻIlmī Pazhūhīsh Justār-hā-yi Fiqhī va Uṣūlī. Yr. 3, no. 7, 2018/1396, 81-107.

Fāżil Lankarānī. Muḥammad Javād. Makāsib Muḥaramah. Qum: Markaz-i Fiqhī  Aʾimah Aṭhār. Chāp-i Awwal, 1976/1396.

Fīyūmī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. al-Miṣbāḥ al-Munīr fī  Gharīb al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr li-l-Rāfiʻī. Qum: Dār  al-Hijra. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1993/1414.

Ḥakīm, Muḥammad Taqī ibn Muḥammad Saʿīd. al-Uṣūl al-ʿĀmah fī Al-Fiqh al-Muqārin. Qum: Majmaʻ Jahānī Āl al-Bayt. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1997/1418

Hindī Bahārī, Muḥib Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Shakūr. Muslim al-Thubūt. Miṣr: al-Maṭbaʻa al-Ḥusaynīya al-Miṣrīya . 1908/1326.

Ḥurr ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Tafṣīl Wasāʾil al-Shīʻa ilā  Taḥṣīl Masāʾil al-Sharīʻa. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS) li-Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth. , Chāp-i Sivum,  1995/1416.

Ḥusaynī, Muḥammad. al-Dalīl al-Fiqhī Taṭbīqāt Fiqhīyah li-Muṣṭalaḥāt ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Dimashq: Markaz Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥillī li-l-Dārisāt al-Fiqhīyah. Chāp-i Awwal, 2007/1428.

Ibn Fāris, Aḥmad. Muʿjam  Maqāyīs al-Lugha. Edited by ʻAbd al-Salām Muḥammad  Hārūn. Qum: Maktab al-Aʻlām al-Islāmī,  Chāp-i Awwal,  1984/1404.

Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram. Lisān al-ʿArab. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir. Chāp-i Awwal, 1994/1414.

Ījī,  ʿAḍud al-Dīn ʻAbd al-Raḥmān. Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar  al-Muntahā al-Uṣūlī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub ʿIlmīyyah, 2003/1424.

Īrawānī, Bāqir. “Munāsibāt Ḥukm va Mawḍūʻ Qawāʾid va Fawāʾid”, dastras dar 2023/07/23; 1402/05/01.

Isfahānī, Sayyid Abū al-Ḥasan. Wasīlah al-Wuṣūl ilā Ḥaqāʾiq  al-Uṣūl. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 2001/1422.

Islāmī(Islāmī),, Riḍā. “Qarīnih-yi Munāsibat Ḥukm va Mawḍūʻ va Kārāyī ān dar Istinbāṭ Aḥkām”, Faṣlnāmah -yi ʻIlmī Pazhūhīsh Kāvushī Nū dar Fiqh. yr. 24, no. 1, 2018/1396, 7-26.

Jawharī, Ismāʻīl  ibn Ḥammād. al-Ṣiḥāḥ. Ed. Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Ghafūr ʿAṭār. Beirut: Dār al-ʻIlm, Chāp-i Sivum,  1998/1376.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. al-Hidāya fī al-Uṣūl. Qum: Ṣāḥib al-Amr, Chāp-i Awwal, 1996/1417.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Mausūʿat al-Imām al-Khūʾī. Qum: Mūʾassisa Iḥyāʾ Āsār al-Imām al-Khūʾī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1997/1418.

Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. al-Istiṣḥāb. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Tanẓīm va Nashr-i Āsār-i  Imām Khumaynī. Chāp-i Awwal, 2003/ 1381

Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. al-Rasāʾil. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān. Chāp-i Awwal, 1990/1410.

Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. Jawāhir al-Uṣūl. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Tanẓīm va Nashr-i Āsār-i  Imām Khumaynī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1998/1376.

Kulīnī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. al-Kāfī. Mūʾassisah-yi ʻIlmī Farhangī Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1959/1378.

Lajnat al-Fiqh al-Muʿāṣir. al-Fāʾiq fī Uṣūl. Qum: Markaz-i Mudīrīyat-i Ḥawzah-hā-yi ʻIlmīyya. 2020/1442.

Malikī Isfahānī, Mujtabā. Farhang Iṣṭilāḥāt Uṣūl. Qum: ʻAlamah, Chāp-i Awwal, 2001/1379.

Markaz-i Iṭilāʿāt va Madārik-i Islāmī. Farhangnāmah-yi Uṣūl Fiqh. Qum: Pazhūhishgāh-i ʿUlūm va Farhang-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 2011/1389.

Mīrzā-yi Qumī, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Muḥammad Ḥasan. al-Qawānīn al-Muḥkama fī al-Uṣūl. Qum: Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya. Chāp-i Awwal, 2009/1430.

Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī. Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. Maʿārij al-Uṣūl. Landan: Mūʾassisa Imām ʿAlī(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 2002/1423.

Muẓaffar, Muḥammad Riḍā. Uṣūl  al-Fiqh. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān. Chāp-i Panjum,  1997/1375.

Nāʾīnī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Fawāʾid al-Uṣūl. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1998/1376.

Najmābādī, Abū al-Fażl. al-Uṣūl. Qum: Mūʾassisa Āyat Allāh al-ʿUẓmā Burūjirdī li-Nashr Maʿālim Ahl-i Bayt. Chāp-i Awwal, 1961/1380.

Narāqī, Muḥammad Mahdī. Anīs al-Mujtahidīn fī ʻIlm Uṣūl. Qum: Būstān-i Kitāb.  Chāp-i Awwal, 1969/1388.

Rafsanjānī Akbarābādī, Sajjād. Barrisī Kārkird-hā-yi Munāsib Ḥukm va Mawḍūʻ. Master Thesis, Saṭḥ3. Supervisor: Mujtabā Masʿūdī. Qum: Ḥawzah-yi ʻIlmīyah. 2023/1401.

Rāsikh, ʿAbd al-Manān. Muʿjam Iṣṭilāḥāt Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Beirut: Dār ibn Ḥazm. Chāp-i Awwal, 2003/1424.

Sabziwārī, ʻAbd al-Aʿlā. Muhadhdhab al-Aḥkām fī Bayān al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qum: Dār Sayyid ʻAbd al-Aʿlā Sabziwārī. Chāp-i Chāhārum, 1993/1413.

Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir. Buḥūth fī Sharḥ-i al-ʿUrwa  al-Wuthqā. Qum: Dār Ṣadr, Chāp-i Duwwum, 2013/1434.

Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir. Durūs fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī. Chāp-i Awwal, 2004/1425.

Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir. Durūs fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, Chāp-i Panjum, 1997/1418.

Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir. Mawsūʿa al-Shahīd al-Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir al-Ṣadr. Qum: Dār Ṣadr. Chāp-i Duwwum,  2013/1434.

Ṣāḥib ibn ʿAbād, Ismāʻīl  ibn ʿAbād. al-Muḥīṭ fī al-Lugha. Beirut:  ʿĀlim al-Kutub Chāp-i Awwal.  1993/1414.

Ṣanqūr, Muḥammad. al-Muʻjam al-Uṣūlī. Qum: al-Ṭayār. Chāp-i Duwwum, 2007/1428.

Sharīf al-Raḍī, Muḥammad  ibn Ḥusayn. Nahj al-Balāghah. translated by Muḥammad Dashtī. Qum: Nāshir. Chāp-i Awwal.  2001/1379.

Sīstānī, ʿAlī. al-Rāfid fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Qum: Lītūgrāfī Ḥamīd. Chāp-i Awwal. 1994/1414.

Sīstānī, ʿAlī. Qāʿidah lā Żarar wa lā Żirār. Qum: Maktab Āyat Allāh al-ʿUẓmā al-Sayyid al-Sīstānī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1994/1414.

Subḥānī Tabrīzī, Jaʻfar. Niẓām al-Nikāḥ fī al-Sharīʻa al-Islāmīya al-Gharrāʾ. Qum: Imām Ṣādiq (AS(. Chāp-i Awwal, 1996/1416.

Subḥānī Tabrīzī, Jaʻfar. Uṣūl al-Fiqh al-Muqārin Fimā Lānaṣ fīh. Qum: Imām Ṣādiq(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 2005/1383.

Ṭabarsī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī. al-Iḥtijāj. Qum: Usvih, Chāp-i Panjum, 2004/1424.

Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī.  Mafātīḥ al-Uṣūl. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 1878/1296.

Tabrīzī, Mīrzā Javād. Tanqīḥ Madanī al-ʿUrwa: al-Ṭahāra. Qum: Dār al- Ṣidīqa al-Shahīda. Chāp-i Duwwum. 2008/1429.

Yazdānī, Muḥammad Mahdī, Ḥusayn Ṣābirī. “ Taʿmīm Ḥukm bi Istinād Kashf ʿIlat az Dīdgāh-i Imām Khumaynī”, Pazhūhish-hā-yi Fiqhī, yr. 6, no. 2, 2020/1398, 121-146.

Ẓahīrī, ʿAlī. Sharḥ  al-Fāʾiq fī al-Uṣūl. Qum: Markaz-i Mudīrīyat-i Ḥawzah-hā-yi ʻIlmīyah. 1979/1399.

Zuḥaylī, Wahbah. Uṣūl al-Fiqh al-Islāmī. Dimashq: Dār al-Fikr, 1986/1406.