The Nature and Impacts of Inserting Ineffective Conditions in Contracts

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Amir Mahmoud Amini ¹
• Rahim Pilvar ²
• Ahmad Saberi Majd ³

¹ PhD Student, Private Law, Department of Law, Farabi Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

² Assistant Professor of Private Law, Department of Law, Farabi Campus, Univerdity of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

³ PhD Student, Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, Department of Law, Farabi Campus, Univerdity of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

10.22067/jfiqh.2024.84526.1648

Abstract

An ineffective condition is among the invalid conditions that do not nullify the contract, as mentioned in Paragraph 2 of Article 232 of the Civil Code. However, the law does not explicitly specify the criteria for considering a condition as ineffective, or its definition, examples, foundations, and enforcement in contracts. Given the disagreement among legal scholars whether or not a right of termination is established in the case of inserting an ineffective condition, analyzing this issue is of high importance. This is because if such a right exists, the promisee would have the right to annul the original contract. The present study, conducted through a descriptive-analytical method and based on the perspectives of Imāmī jurists and legal experts, concludes that an ineffective condition is one that neither brings profit nor serves to avert potential harm to the promisee or a third party. Also, the concept of benefit is not limited to financial gain, but also includes spiritual benefits and such benefits can remove a condition from being considered ineffective. In recognizing this type of condition, a combined objective-subjective criterion must be employed, and the condition enforcement includes that if it is ineffective from the outset, no right of termination is granted. Hower, if it becomes ineffective during the action and affects the economic value of the contract, a right of termination is established.

Keywords

• ineffective condition
• objective-subjective criterion
• enforcement
• right of termination

Main Subjects

• Jurisprudence and private law

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