Analyzing the Foundations of the Continuation of Ownership Capacity Postmortem

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Ahmad Adibi ¹
• Mohammad Mahdi Al-Sharif ²
• Alireza Arashpour ³

¹ PhD Candidate, Department of Law, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

² Associate Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

³ Associate, Department of Law, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

10.22067/jfiqh.2023.80889.1531

Abstract

Many legal scholars view death as the termination of a person’s legal capacity based on the verbal generality of Article 956 of the Civil Code, therefore considering the deceased as lacking legal capacity. Undoubtedly, “the capacity to exercise rights” (ʾAhlīyyat-iʾistiṣfā) and “the part of legal capacity to enjoy rights” (ʾAhlīyyat-i tamattuʿ), which inherently cannot survive after death (such as the rights arising from marriage) cease upon death. However, “the right to own property” and “the capacity to acquire property” (ʾAhlīyyat-i tamalluk) as one of the aspects of competence to acquire rights (ʾAhlīyyat-i tamattuʿ) can survive and are continued limitedly after death. Generally, Islamic Law does not deem the capacity for ownership (ʾAhlīyyat-i tamalluk ) to be exclusive to the living, allowing entities such as religious funds (Vujūhāt-i Sharʿīyah) and endowments (waqf) to possess the capacity for ownership. The present study, conducted through the descriptive-analytical method, concludes that the generalization on Article 956 of the Civil Code is unreliable, and that the possibility of the continuation of ownership after death, as well as new acquisitions following death, are accepted in specific cases. The prime example of the first case is found in the continuity of “the estate of a debt owned” (mātarak mawḍūʿ dayn mustaghraq) in the ownership of the deceased person and its non-transfer to the heirs. Examples of new ownership after death include: “the ownership of the deceased over the blood money for murder”, “mālikiyyat-i taqdīrī on the blood money of murder”,“the return of ownership of the property to the deceased in the case of the heirs’ cancellation”), and the “ownership of the deceased over items that he caused before death”, such as fish caught after the fisherman’s death, which ends up in the fishing net.

Keywords

• ownership capacity after death
• ownership of the deceased
• continuity of ownership after death
• new ownership after death
• ownership capacity of the deceased

Main Subjects

• Jurisprudence and private law

---

©2025 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

References

Ākhūnd Khurāsānī, Muḥammad Kāẓim ibn Ḥusayn. Ḥāshīyah al-Makāsib. Tehran: Vizārat-i Farhang va Irshād Islāmī. 1986/1406.

Ākhūnd Khurāsānī, Muḥammad Kāẓim ibn Ḥusayn. Kitāb fī al-Waqf. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1993/1413.

ʻAlawī Gurgānī, Muḥammad ʿAlī. Manhaj  al-Nāsikīn. Qum: Daftar Ḥażrat Āyat Allāh ʻAlawī Gurgānī. 2012/1391.

ʻAlawī Qazwīnī, Sayyid ʿAlī. “Vażʿiyat Ḥuqūqī Tarikah-yi Madyūn dar Durān Taṣfiyih”,  Fiqh va Mabānī Ḥuqūq Islāmī. yr. 46, no. 1, 2013/1392, 96-118.

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Tadhkara al-Fuqahāʾ. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS) li-Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth. 2002/1423.

Amīn, Sayyid ʻAlī Riżā. “Darāmadī  bar   Naẓarīyah-yi Shakhṣīyat Ḥuqūqī dar Fiqh Imāmīyah”. Tamadun Ḥuqūqī. No. 9, 2022/1400, 541-557.

Anṣārī, Murtaḍā ibn Muḥammad Amīn. Kitāb al-Makāsib. Qum: Dār  al-Dhakhāʾir, Chāp-i Awwal, 1991/1411.

Anṣārī, Qudrat Allāḥ, Muḥammad Javād Fāżil Lankarānī. Aḥkām va Ḥuqūq Kūdakān dar Islām. Qum: Markaz-i Fiqhī  Aʾimah Aṭhār(AS). 2014/1392.

Āqā  Naẓarī, Ḥasan. “Barrisī Fiqhī  Ḥuqūqī Shakhṣīyat Ḥuqūqī”. Ḥuqūq Islāmī. yr. 14, no. 54, 2018/1396, 97-125.

Āqā Mahdavī, Aṣghar. Mahdī Ḥabībiyān. “Barrisī Ahlīyat Shakhṣ-i Ḥuqūqī dar Figh va Ḥuqūq”. Dū Faṣlnāmih-yi  ʻIlmī Takhaṣuṣī Pazhūhnāmah-yi Fiqhī.  Yr. 2, no. 2, 2015/1393, 27-50.

Aʿrāfī, ʻAlī Riżā. Fiqh Tarbīyatī. researched by Muḥammad Qāsim Rajāyī. Qum: Ishrāq va ʿIrfān. 2019/1397.

Arākī, Muḥammad ʿAlī. Risālah fī al-Irth. Qum: dar Rāh Ḥaq, 1992/1371.

Āshtiyānī, Muḥammad Hasan ibn Jaʻfar. Kitāb al-Qaḍāʾ. Qum: al-Muʾtamar al-ʿAllāmah  al-Āshtiyānī. Chāp-i Awwal, 2004/1425.

Bahrāmī, Ḥusayn, Muḥammad Ḥasan Bayātī. “Taʾmulī bar Sharʿīyat “Shakhṣīyat Ḥuqūqī””, Dū Faṣlnāmih-yi ʻIlmī Tarvījī Muṭāliʻāt Fiqh-i Islāmī va Mabānī Ḥuqūq. yr. 13, no. 39, 2020/1398, 45-66.

Bārīklū, ʻAlī Riżā,  Ashkhāṣ va Ḥimāyat-hā-yi Ḥuqūqī  ānān. Tehran: Majd. 2009/1387.

Bayhaqī Nayshābūrī Kiydarī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn. Iṣbāḥ al-Shiʻa bi Miṣbāḥ al-Sharīʻa. researched by Ibrāhīm Bahādurī. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Imām al-Ṣādiq (AS). 1996/1374.

Dāwudī, Saʿīd, Nāṣir Makārim Shīrāzī,  Majmʻī az Muḥaqiqīn. Naqsh Fuqahāy Shīʻah dar Ḥall-i Masāʾil Mustaḥdasah. Qum: Imām ʿAlī ibn Abī  Ṭālib (AS). 2019/1397

Fayḍ Kāshānī, Muḥammad ibn Shāh Murtażā. al-Wāfī. Isfahān: Maktaba al-Imām Amīr al-Muʾminīn ʻAlī (AS). 1986/1406.

Fāżil Muwaḥidī Lankarānī, Muḥammad. Tafṣīl al-Sharīʻa fī Sharḥ Taḥrīr al-Wasīla. Qum: Fiqh  al-Aʾimah al-Aṭhār(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 1997/1418.

Ghulāmʿalīzādih Kajū, Muḥammad, Ismāʻīl Riżāyī. “Barrisī Shakhṣīyat Ḥuqūqī Tarikah”, Duvvumīn Kunfirāns Biyn al-Milallī va Milī Muṭāliʻāt Mudīrīyat Ḥisābdārī va Ḥuqūq, 2021/1399, 22-40.

Gulpāygānī, Muḥammad Riżā. al-Qaḍāʾ wa al-Shahādāt. Taqrīr ʿAlī Ḥusaynī Mīlānī, Qum: Ḥaqāʾiq. Chāp-i Duvvum, 1993/1413.

Gulpāygānī, Muḥammad Riżā. Bulghat al-Ṭālib fī al-Taʿlīq ʻalā  Bayʿ al-Makāsib.  Taqrīr ʿAlī Ḥusaynī Mīlānī, Qum: Khayām, 1979/1399.

Gulpāygānī, Muḥammad Riżā. Hidāya al-ʻAbād.  Qum: Dār al-Qurān-i Karīm. 1993/1413.

Ḥakīm, Muḥammad Saʿīd. al-Aḥkām al-Fiqhīya. Najaf: Dār al-Hilāl. 2007/1428.

Ḥakīm, Muḥammad Saʿīd. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. Qum: Dār al-Hilāl. 2012/1433.

Ḥakīm, Muḥammad Taqī, ʻAlī ʻAbd al-Ḥakīm Ṣāfī, ʻAlīyān Rushdī. al-, Ḍamān fī al-Fiqh al-Islāmī. Tehran: al-Majmaʿ al-ʿĀlamī li-l-Taqrīb Bayn al-Madhāhib al-Islāmīyya,  al-Muʻāwinīya al-Thaqāfiya, 2010/1431.

Hamadānī, Riżā ibn Muḥammad Hādī. Miṣbāḥ al-Faqīh. researched by Muḥammad Bāqirī. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Jaʻfarīya li-Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth. 1998/1376.

Ḥasani, Hāshim Maʻrūf.  Naẓarīya  al-ʿAqd fī al-Fiqh al-Jaʻfarī. Beirut: Maktaba Hāshim. S.d.

Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Maḥmūd. Mūʾassisa Dāyrah al-Maʿārif Fiqh Islāmī bar Mazhab-i Ahl-i Bayt(AS). al-Muʻjam al-Fiqhīyah li-Kutub al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Qum: Mūʾassisa Dāyrah al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh Islāmī bar Mazhab-i Ahl-i Bayt(AS). 2003/1424.

Hidāyatnīyā, Faraj Allāh. Ḥuqūq Ghiyr Irānīyān dar Jumhūrī Islāmī Irān. Qum: Markaz-i Biyn al-Milallī Tarjumah va Nashr al-Muṣṭafā)pbuh(.  2010/1388.

Ḥurr ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Tafṣīl Wasāʾil al-Shīʻa ilā  Taḥṣīl Masāʾil al-Sharīʻa. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). 1995/1416.

Ḥurr ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Wasāʾil al-Shīʻa ilā  Taḥṣīl Masāʾil al-Sharīʻa. Qum: al-Islāmīyya. 1994/1372.

Ḥusaynī ʻĀmulī, Muḥammad Javād ibn Muḥammad. Miftāḥ al-Karāmah fī Sharḥ Qawāʿid al-ʿAllāma. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 2011/1432.

Ibn Idrīs, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. al-Sarāʾir al- Ḥāwī li-Taḥrīr al-Fatāwī. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1990/1410.

Ibn Idrīs, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Mawsūʿat Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥilī. Qum: Dalīl-i Mā. 2009/1387.

Ibn Saʿīd, Yaḥyā ibn Aḥmad .al-Jāmiʿ li-l-Sharāyʿ. Ed. Jaʻfar Subḥānī Tabrīzī. Qum: Sayyid al-Shuhadā ʿIlmīyyah. 1985/1405.

Imāmī Khuwānsārī, Muḥammad. al-Ḥāshīya al-Ūlā ʿalā al-Makāsib  s.l. 1914/1332.

ʿIrāqī, Żīyāʾ al-Dīn, Kitāb al-Qaḍāʾ. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi MaʻārifIslāmī Imām Riḍā(AS). 1951/1370.

Karbāsī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm  ibn Ḥasan. al-Irth fī al-Fiqh al-Jaʻfarī. Beirut: al-Aʻlamī. 2010/1431.

Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ Najafī, Ḥasan ibn Jaʻfar. Anwār al-Faqāhah: Kitāb Mīrāth. Najaf: Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ. Chāp-i Awwal, 2001/1422.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. al-Tanqīḥ fī Sharḥ al-Makāsib. Qum: Mūʾassisa Iḥyāʾ Āsār al-Imām al-Khūʾī, 2004/1425.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Mausūʿat al-Imām al-Khūʾī. Qum: Mūʾassisa Iḥyāʾ Āsār al-Imām al-Khūʾī. 2009/1430.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Miṣbāḥ al-Faqāhah. Qum: Anṣārīyān. 1996/1417.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Muḥāḍarāt fī al-Mawārīth. Muqarr Muḥammad ʿAlī  Kharsān. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Sibṭayn, 2003/1424.

Kulīnī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. al-Kāfī. Qum: Dār al-Ḥadīth. 2009/1430.

Luṭfī, Asad Allah. Mabādī Fiqh. Qum: Hijrat. 2002/1380.

Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muḥammad Taqī. Biḥār al-Anwār. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī. 1983/1403.

Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muḥammad Taqī. Malādh al-Akhyār fī Fahm Tahdhīb  al-Akhbār. researched by Mahdī Rajāyī. Qum: Kitābkhānah-yi ʿUmumī Ḥażrat Āyat Allāh al-ʿUẓmā Marʻashī Najafī, 1986/1406.

Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Buḥūth  Fiqhīyah Hāma. Qum: Irān: Madrisah al-Imām ʿAlī ibn Abī  Ṭālib (AS). 2001/1422.

Mīlānī, Muḥammad Hādī. Muḥāḍarāt fī Fiqh al-Imāmīya: Kitāb al-Zakāt. researched by Fāżil Ḥusaynī Mīlānī, Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Chāp-i Awwal, 1977/1355.

Mīr Shikārī, ʻAbbās, Khadījah Muẓafarī. “Masʾūlīyat Madanī Nāshī  az Vurūd Ziyān Badanī bi Mutiwafā”,  Faṣlnāmih-yi Ḥuqūq Khuṣūṣī. no. 2, 2018/1396, 363-378.

Mīrzā-yi Qumī, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Muḥammad Ḥasan. Rasāʾil al-Mīrzā al-Qumī. researched by ʻAbbās Tabrīzīyān va Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī Ḥawzah-yi ʻIlmīyah Qum (Shuʻbih-yi Khurāsān). Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 2007/1385.

Mishkīnī Ardabīlī, ʿAlī. al-Taʿlīqa ʿalā al-Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. researched by Murtażā Sayyid Ibrāḥīmī. Tehran: Dār al-Ḥadīth. 2014/1392.

Mudarris, Muḥammad ʿAlī. Kifāya al-Muḥaṣilīn  fī Tabṣira Aḥkām al-Dīn. Tehran: Anjuman Āsār va Mafākhir  Farhangī, 2002/1380.

Mudarrisī, Muḥammad Taqī. al-Fiqh al-Islāmī. Beirut: Markaz al-ʿAṣr li-l-Thaqāfa wa al-Nashr, 2010/1431.

Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Silsilah Mūʾallafāt al-Shaykh al-Mufīd. researched by ʿAlī Mīr Sharīfī. Beirut: Dār al-Mufīd. 1994/1414.

Mughnīyah, Muḥammad Javād. Fiqh al-Imām Jaʻfar al-Ṣādiq. Qum: Anṣārīyān. 1960/1379.

Muḥaqqiq Dāmād, Muṣṭafā, Muḥammad Mihryār. “Shakhṣīyat Ḥuqūqī Zakāt dar Manẓar Fiqhī va Irtibāṭ ān bā Biyt al-Māl”. Fiqh va Mabānī Ḥuqūq Islāmī. yr. 53, no. 2, 2021/1399, 423-441.

Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī. Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām fī Masāʾil al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān, 1988/1408.

Muḥsinī, Muḥammad Āṣif. al-Qawāʾid al-Uṣūlīya wa al-Fiqhīyah fī   al-Mustamsak. Qum: Payām Mihr. 2004/1382.

Muḥsinī, Muḥammad Āṣif. Muʿjam al-Aḥādīth al-Muʿtabara. Qum: Adyān. 2013/1434.

Murtażawī, Sayyid Żīyāʾ. “Shakhṣīyat va Ahlīyat Ḥuqūqī Dūlat dar fiqh”, Faṣlnāmih-yi Takhaṣuṣī Dīn va Qānūn. No. 14, 2017/1395, 49-85.

Musawī Bujnūrdī, Muḥammad. Fāʾizah Muqtadāyī. “Zamah az Dīdgāh-i Fiqh Imāmīyah bā Rūykarkī bar Naẓarāt Imām Khumaynī”. Pazhūhshnāmah-yi Matīn.  Yr, 15, no. 59, 2014/1392, 1-31.

Musawī Gulpāygānī, Jamāl al-Dīn Aḥmad. al-Rasāʾil. Najaf: al-Maṭbaʻa al- Ḥydarīyya. Chāp-i Awwal, 1951/1370.

Narāqī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Mahdī. Mustanad al-Shīʻa  fī al-Aḥkām al-Sharīʻa. Qum: Āl al-Bayt. Chāp-i Awwal, 1995/1415.

Qabūlī Durafshān, Sayyid Muḥammad Mahdī, Sayyid Muḥammad Hādī Qabūlī Durafshān. “Barrisī Fiqhī Ḥuqūqī Tarikah Pas az Fūt Mutiwafā”, Nashrīyih-yi ʻIlmī Pazhūhīsh Fiqh va Ḥuqūq Islāmī. yr. 4, no. 7, 2013/1392, 149-176.

Qanbarī  Ribāṭī, Surayā,  ʻAlī Akbar  Falāḥ. “Māhīyat Shakhṣīyat Ḥuqūqī dar Fiqh va Ḥuqūq Islāmī”, Faṣlnāmih-yi ʻIlmī Pazhūhīsh Fiqh va Ḥuqūq Islāmī. yr. 6, no. 19, 2015/1393, 41-52.

Qāsimzādah, ʻAtikih. “Ahlīyat  Janīn va Idārah-yi Amvāl U”, Fiqh Āl Bayt. yr. 14, no. 56, 1967/1387, 176-190.

Qudratī, Fāṭimah. “Madanī Tadāvum Shakhṣīyat Ḥuqūqī Insān pas az Marg dar Madhāhib Khamsah va Ḥuqūq Mawḍūʿah”, Āmūzih-hā-yi Fiqh-i Madanī. Razavi University of Islamic Sciences. No. 12, 2016/1394, 47-68.

Rajabī, ʿAbd Allāh. “Ḍamān dar Hūsh Maṣnūʿī”, Muṭāliʿāt Ḥuqūq Taṭbīqī. no. 2, 2020/1398, 446-458.

Rashtī, Ḥabīb Allāh. Kitāb al-Qaḍāʾ. Qum: Dār Qurān al-Karīm. Chāp-i Awwal, 1981/1401.

Riżvānī, Ṣādiq. Barrisī Taḥlīlī va Taṭbīqī Jarāʾim Qazf, Iftirā va Tawhīn. Tehran: Farhang Sabz. 2011/1389.

Rūḥānī, Muḥammad Ṣādiq. Fiqh al-Ṣādiq. Qum: Muʾallif, s.d.

Rūḥānī, Muḥammad Ṣādiq. Minhāj al-Faqāha. Qum: Anwār al-Hudā. Chāp-i Panjum, 2008/1429.

Ṣāfī Gulpāygānī, Luṭf Allāh. al-Taʿzīr: Aḥkāmuhu wa Ḥudūduhu. Qum:  Daftar Muʿẓamulah. S.d.

Ṣāḥib Jawāhir. Muḥammad Ḥasan ibn Bāqir. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāyʿ al-Islām. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī, 1984/1362.

Ṣāḥib Jawāhir. Muḥammad Ḥasan ibn Bāqir. Muʿjam al-Fiqh al-Jawāhir. Beirut: Markaz al-Ghadīr li-l-Dirāsāt al-Islāmīyya. 1996/1417.

Sākit, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Dībāchih-ī bar Dānish Ḥuqūq. Tehran: Thālith, 2009/1387.

Ṣaymarī, Mufliḥ ibn Ḥasan. Ghāyat al-Marām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Beirut:  Dār al-Hādī. 1999/1420.

Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī.  al-Rawḍa al-Bahīya fī Sharḥ al-Lumʿa al-Dimashqīya. bi Sharḥ Muḥammad Kalāntar. Qum: al-Dāwarī. 1990/1410.

Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī.  Ḥāsīyah al-Irshād. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1994/1414.

Shahīdī, Mahdī. Tashkīl Qarārdād-hā va Taʿahhudāt. Tehran: Ḥuqūqdān. 1998/1377.

Shākirī, Abū al-Ḥasan, Dāwud Karamī Gulbāghī. “Barrisī Rubūdan Māl az Qabr dar Fiqh va Ḥuqūq Kiyfarī Irān”, Faṣlnāmih-yi Takhaṣuṣī Fiqh va Mabānī Ḥuqūq Islāmī. yr. 6, no. 19, 2011/1389, 107-123.

Shubayrī Zanjānī, Mūsā. al-Masāʾil al-Sharʿīyah. Qum: al-Faqāha. 2009/1387.

Ṭabāṭabāyī  Qumī, Taqī, Ghālib Sīlāwī. Miṣbāḥ al-Nāsik fī Sharḥ al-Manāsik. Qum: Maḥalātī. 2004/1425.

Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad Kāẓim. Ḥāshīya al-Makāsib. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān. 1990/1410.

Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad Kāẓim. Suʾāl wa Jawāb. Girdāvarī Muṣṭafā Muḥaqqiq Dāmād va  Riżā Ustādī. researched by Ḥasan Vaḥdatī Shubayrī va  Maḥmūd  Madanī Bajistānī. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i ʿUlum-i Islāmī. 1998/1376.

Tabrīzī, Javād. Irshād al-Ṭālib ilā  al-Taʿlīq ʿalā al-Makāsib. Qum: Mihr. 1992/1412.

Tabrīzī, Javād. Tanqīḥ Madanī al-Aḥkām.. Qum: Dār al- Ṣidīqa al-Shahīda. 1959/1378.

Taftāzānī, Masʿūd  ibn ʻUmar. ʿUbayd Allāh  ibn Masʿūd Ṣadr al-Sharīʻa al-Thānī. Sharḥ  al-Talwīḥ ʻalā al-Tawḍīḥ li-Matn al-Tanqīḥ fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh. ed. Zakarīyā ʿUmayrāt. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyya. 1995/1416.

Tarḥīnī ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. al-Zubda al-Fiqhīya fī Sharḥ al-Rawḍa al-Bahīya. S.l.  Dār al-Fiqh,  2007/1385.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyah. Tehran: al-Maktaba Murtażawīya li-Iḥyāʾ al-Āsār al-Jaʻfarīya. Chāp-i Sivum, 1967/1387.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Nihāya fī Mujarrad al-Fiqh wa al-Fatāwā. Beirut:  Dār al-Kitāb al-ʻArabī. 1980/1400.

ʻUmrān, Muḥammad. al-Usus al-ʿĀmma fī al-Qānūn. Beirut:  Manshūrāt al-Ḥalabī al-Ḥuqūqīya. 2002/1423.